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This book provides a holistic view on the topics of peace and
conflict, peace education, international relations and regional
studies during the end of the second decade of the twenty-first
century. It collects the studies, experience and analysis of
faculty members of the University for Peace presented in three
sections: regional and institutional outlook, and common challenges
and interventions. Some of the topics in this book include the
complex concept of peace; governance and security in Africa; peace
and conflict in the Middle East; maritime security conflicts in
South China Sea, the European Union in a multipolar world,
religious fundamentalism and violent extremism; food security,
climate change; and participatory action research in the culture of
peace. Scholars, capacity building trainers, policy makers,
politicians, lawyers, and individuals interested in international
affairs among others might find in this book a diverse academic
source for further analysis in their respective fields.
The second title in the new Contemporary Inter-American Relations Series, this book will provide the ideal introduction to US-Chilean relations. From our strained Cold War relations and the Allende assassination to current democratic and economic development, The United States and Chile deftly traces the path of the relationship from early partners, through tense Cold War stand-offs, to the slowly warming relations of the present. The authors include information on General Augusto Pinnochet's human rights violations, his current prosecution for them, and the United States complicity in bringing him to power. Chile is only just now recovering from decades of political instability and government abuses and this volume provides a thorough look back, and an informed vision of the future.
The United States and Chile is the ideal introduction to U.S.- Chilean relations. From our strained Cold War relations and the Allende assassination to current democratic and economic development, senior scholars Mares and Aravena deftly trace the path of the relationship from early partners, through tense Cold War stand-offs, to the slowly warming relations of the present. The authors include information on General Augusto Pinochet's human rights violations, his current prosecution for them, and the United State's complicity in bringing him to power. Chile is only just now recovering from decades of political instability and government abuses, and this volume provides a thorough look back, and an informed vision of the future.
This book provides a holistic view on the topics of peace and
conflict, peace education, international relations and regional
studies during the end of the second decade of the twenty-first
century. It collects the studies, experience and analysis of
faculty members of the University for Peace presented in three
sections: regional and institutional outlook, and common challenges
and interventions. Some of the topics in this book include the
complex concept of peace; governance and security in Africa; peace
and conflict in the Middle East; maritime security conflicts in
South China Sea, the European Union in a multipolar world,
religious fundamentalism and violent extremism; food security,
climate change; and participatory action research in the culture of
peace. Scholars, capacity building trainers, policy makers,
politicians, lawyers, and individuals interested in international
affairs among others might find in this book a diverse academic
source for further analysis in their respective fields.
Examining Latin American security in the post-Cold War era,
policymakers and analysts from across the Americas assess the
security threats and agendas of different subregions and evaluate
the potential for wider hemispheric cooperation.
With the decline in Cold War tensions and external interference,
along with a near-consensus favoring democracy and free market
economics, Latin America faces an unusual opportunity to shape its
own regional strategic agenda. Traditional threats such as border
disputes must be addressed even while growing transnational
problems challenge the capacities of young democracies. With
increasing globalization, national security is inseparable from
regional security and depends on the establishment of effective
mechanisms for cooperation.
The contributors assess both the theoretical and empirical
background of cooperation in the Americas, and argue that different
subregions--such as the Caribbean Basin, the Andean nations, and
the Southern Cone--approach cooperation from different strategic
perspectives and traditions. They show that building hemispheric
security requires pragmatic attention to local complexities and a
concerted effort to emphasize common interests, including the
defense of democracy, economic stability, citizens' security, and
environmental protection.
The book asserts that the creation of a framework for regional
cooperation will depend on the establishment at the local level of
what it calls ConfidenceBuilding Measures (CBMs). It evaluates the
potential roles of such international organizations as the
Organization of American States and the Inter-American Defense
Board, and studies the changing regional policies of the United
States for their effectiveness and impact on regional security.
Examining Latin American security in the post-Cold War era,
policymakers and analysts from across the Americas assess the
security threats and agendas of different subregions and evaluate
the potential for wider hemispheric cooperation.
With the decline in Cold War tensions and external interference,
along with a near-consensus favoring democracy and free market
economics, Latin America faces an unusual opportunity to shape its
own regional strategic agenda. Traditional threats such as border
disputes must be addressed even while growing transnational
problems challenge the capacities of young democracies. With
increasing globalization, national security is inseparable from
regional security and depends on the establishment of effective
mechanisms for cooperation.
The contributors assess both the theoretical and empirical
background of cooperation in the Americas, and argue that different
subregions--such as the Caribbean Basin, the Andean nations, and
the Southern Cone--approach cooperation from different strategic
perspectives and traditions. They show that building hemispheric
security requires pragmatic attention to local complexities and a
concerted effort to emphasize common interests, including the
defense of democracy, economic stability, citizens' security, and
environmental protection.
The book asserts that the creation of a framework for regional
cooperation will depend on the establishment at the local level of
what it calls ConfidenceBuilding Measures (CBMs). It evaluates the
potential roles of such international organizations as the
Organization of American States and the Inter-American Defense
Board, and studies the changing regional policies of the United
States for their effectiveness and impact on regional security.
La integracion es una herramienta para enfrentar los desafios
internacionales de la globalizacion, ademas de ser una busqueda
constante por mejorar las condiciones para el desarrollo.
Centroamerica debe buscar una integracion efectiva y una insercion
global que le garantice acciones hacia un desarrollo sostenible.
Los lideres democraticos de la region han identificado la necesidad
de converger en aras de la estabilidad, el crecimiento economico y
el fortalecimiento de los procesos de integracion regional a traves
de nuevas opciones. El presente documento ha sido elaborado por la
Secretaria General de FLACSO, a peticion de la Secretaria General
del SICA, partiendo de la premisa que el fin ultimo a alcanzar
requiere de una construccion gradual de los consensos necesarios
entre los Estados Miembros del SICA, aprendiendo de otros procesos
ya en curso e inventariando las bases ya existentes para emprender
tal tarea. Los estudios que forman parte de este documento abarcan
especificamente las experiencias y buenas practicas acumuladas por
tres instancias regionales de integracion o concertacion: la Union
Europea (UE), la Union Africana (UA) y la Comunidad del Caribe
(CARICOM); un inventario y estudio de las acciones y/o posiciones
en materia de politica exterior consignadas en las Declaraciones
Presidenciales del SICA para el periodo 2000-2010; otro sobre las
coincidencias y diferencias en las posiciones asumidas por los
Estados Miembros del SICA en los distintos organos de las Naciones
Unidas en el periodo 2000-2010 y finalmente las coincidencias en la
Politica Exterior de los Estados Miembros del SICA en la
Organizacion de Estados Americanos (OEA) para el periodo 2000-
2010.
Frente a un nuevo contexto global con multiples actores y sin un
multilateralismo efectivo, el sistema multilateral se encuentra hoy
en dia en crisis. Esto se debe, en gran parte, a la crisis
economico financiera que se vive desde el 2008; a menor atencion de
los Estados Unidos hacia America Latina y otras regiones del mundo
y su inercia unilateral; al bloqueo en el sistema de Naciones
Unidas y a la baja legitimidad de instituciones emergentes que no
logran dar gobernabilidad global. En Occidente se constatan cambios
profundos e importantes, como lo es la profundizacion de las
relaciones de America Latina, particularmente de America del Sur,
con la region Asia Pacifico; la consolidacion de China como socio
comercial estrategico relevante para America Latina desplazando a
la Union Europea, entre otros. Ademas las revoluciones y cambios en
los paises arabes y los cambios en Africa reorientan prioridades y
tendencias en Europa que sin duda repercuten en America Latina.
Esta publicacion recoge las ideas centrales expuestas por
destacados academicos (as) acerca de los cambios globales y las
distintas visiones de paises hegemonicos de la region y fuera de
ella; asi como acerca de las diplomacias de Cumbres como la de
APEC, CELAC, de las Americas y la Union Europea y las ideas
expuestas en torno a temas emergentes transnacionales como lo son
el cambio climatico, la seguridad, la gobernanza, la gobernabilidad
y la integracion. A su vez, se analizan los temas de seguridad y
defensa de cara a los nuevos desafios del siglo XXI y los actores
relevantes en la politica exterior hemisferica, tales como Canada,
los Estados Unidos, Mexico y Brasil. Finalmente, esta publicacion
cuenta con una reflexion acerca de la vision sobre los cambios que
se han dado que continuan ocurriendo en el Sistema Internacional.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: International Relations in the
21st Century
Summit Diplomacy and Spaces of Regional and Global Agreement
Faced with a new global context that has multiple actors but no
effective multilateralism, the multilateral system is now in
crisis. This is largely due to the economic and financial crisis
underway since 2008; to the United States paying less attention to
Latin America and other regions of the world and its unilateral
inertia; and to the deadlock in the United Nations system and the
reduced legitimacy of emerging institutions, which are unable to
achieve global governability. In the West, profound and important
changes are being witnessed, such as the deepening of relations
between Latin America, particularly South America, and the Asia
Pacific region, and China's consolidation as a significant
strategic trading partner for Latin America, supplanting other
partners like the European Union. In addition, the revolutions and
transformations occurring in Arab countries and the changes taking
place in Africa are reorienting priorities and trends in Europe
that no doubt affect Latin America. This publication brings
together the main ideas presented by prominent academics with
regard to these global changes and the different visions of
hegemonic countries within and beyond the region; and to summit
diplomacies such as that of APEC, CELAC, the Americas and the EU;
as well as the ideas presented in relation to emerging
transnational issues such as climate change, security, governance,
governability and integration. In turn, the issues of security and
defense are analyzed in relation to the new challenges of the 21st
century and the relevant actors within hemispheric foreign policy,
including Canada, the United States, Mexico and Brazil. Lastly,
this work contains a reflection on this view of the changes that
continue to take place within the International System.
La convivencia democratica solo es posible en un entorno de
confianza. La confianza es el fundamento de toda relacion social
que no este sustentada en la fuerza. En contextos democraticos
recurrir a la imposicion es una practica ilegitima y reprochable,
por lo que se deben establecer relaciones diferentes, relaciones de
confianza. La confianza aumenta las posibilidades de cooperacion
mas alla de la interaccion con personas conocidas. Por otro lado,
la confianza reduce los costos de transaccion en las relaciones
sociales y agiliza la toma de decisiones. Es el punto de partida
para la derivacion de reglas para la conducta apropiada. La
confianza actua como una columna vertebral en la interaccion de las
personas, en la relacion de los ciudadanos con el Estado y las
instituciones, asi como en la relacion bilateral, regional o
multilateral de los paises para hacerle frente a los desafios del
acontecer mundial. Este libro forma parte del proyecto
"Gobernabilidad y convivencia democratica en America Latina y el
Caribe," el cual cuenta con el auspicio de la Agencia Espanola de
Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Los autores
afirman que la confianza es un ingrediente clave para la
consolidacion de la gobernabilidad y la convivencia democraticas.
Cada uno desarrolla distintas dimensiones de la confianza, la
confianza politica, la confianza academica, la confianza
empresarial, la confianza diplomatica, la confianza militar y la
confianza desde los pueblos originarios.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Trust, a scarce good?
Democratic coexistence is only possible in an environment of
trust. Trust is the foundation for any social relationship not
based on force. In democratic contexts, resorting to imposition is
an illegitimate and reprehensible practice, which is why it is
necessary to establish different relationships - relationships of
trust. Trust increases the chances of cooperation beyond
interaction with prior acquaintances. In addition, trust reduces
transaction costs in social relationships and speeds up decision
making. It is the starting point for formulating rules on
appropriate behavior. Trust acts as the backbone of interaction
between people, and the relations between citizens and the State
and institutions, as well as the bilateral, regional or
multilateral relations established by countries to deal with the
challenges posed by world events. This book forms part of the
project entitled "Governability and Democratic Coexistence in Latin
America and the Caribbean," sponsored by the Spanish Agency for
International Development Cooperation (AECID). The authors contend
that trust is a key ingredient in the consolidation of democratic
governance and coexistence. Each looks at different dimensions of
trust: political trust, academic trust, business-related trust,
diplomatic trust, military trust and the trust of native peoples.
America Latina y el Caribe es una region diversa y heterogenea en
un mundo en mutacion. Las formas y tipos de insercion internacional
de sus paises responden a miradas politico estrategicas distintas y
eso se refleja en sus relaciones con otras regiones del mundo. La
asociacion para la cooperacion aparece como una demanda efectiva
para satisfacer los intereses nacionales y regionales tanto en la
Union Europea como en America Latina y el Caribe. Esa cooperacion
requiere establecer vinculos entre los diversos foros y procesos de
coordinacion, cooperacion e integracion multilateral, regional y
birregional dentro de una logica de gobernanza multinivel acorde
con los cambios que conlleva la creciente multipolaridad. Para que
la region latinoamericana y caribena aumente su influencia en el
nuevo multilateralismo en construccion debera enfrentar un gran
reto: construir una posicion comun en areas prioritarias,
disenando, ademas, un proyecto politico estrategico que guie su
insercion en el sistema internacional. En este sentido se observa
en America Latina la emergencia de nuevas formas de asociacion a
nivel intrarregional que se distinguen de los antiguos mecanismos
de integracion. Asimismo se desarrollan entre las naciones de la
region y los paises y grupos de paises fuera del continente nuevas
relaciones que muestran la forma en que America Latina se esta
insertando en un sistema con multiples actores. Ejemplo de ello son
los BRICS y el G-20.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Global Links in a Complex
Multilateral Context
Latin America and the Caribbean is a diverse and heterogeneous
region in a transforming world. The forms and types of
international insertion implemented by the region's countries
correspond to different politico-strategic visions, and this is
reflected in their relations with other regions of the world.
Association for the sake of cooperation appears to be an effective
demand for satisfying national and regional interests both in the
European Union and in Latin America and the Caribbean. That
cooperation requires the establishment of links between the
different forums and processes of multilateral, regional and
bi-regional coordination, cooperation and integration within a
logic of multilevel governance that is in keeping with the changes
brought about by increasing multi-polarity. In order for the Latin
American and Caribbean region to increase its influence in the new
multilateralism now being constructed, it must face an enormous
challenge, which involves building a common position on priority
areas, as well as putting together a politico-strategic project
that can orient its insertion into the international system. Along
these lines, Latin America is witnessing the emergence of new forms
of association at the intra-regional level that differ from former
integration mechanisms. Similarly, the new relationships being
formed between the nations of the region and countries and groups
of countries outside of the continent show how Latin America is
becoming inserted into a system with multiple actors. Cases in
point are the BRIC countries and the G-20.
La integracion regional pasa por comprender la complementariedad y
el trabajo conjunto, las visiones compartidas y el fin ultimo del
bienestar de las poblaciones por encima de tensiones e ideologias.
Los retos del mundo actual, caracterizado por una amplia
interdependencia, variados polos de poder y una reestructuracion de
las visiones respecto a la forma de combatir las nuevas amenazas,
que tienen particularidades propias de la epoca, exigen que America
Latina logre construir objetivos estrategicos compartidos para que
sus intereses sean escuchados en esta reconfiguracion del sistema
mundial. America Latina no ha logrado establecer esta vision de
conjunto ante ninguno de los actores internacionales de mayor peso;
sin embargo debe destacarse el desarrollo de nuevas formas de
vincularse con estos en condiciones mas horizontales con algunos
resultados exitosos. A nivel subregional es importante observar la
creacion de nuevos mecanismos o procesos de integracion que buscan
adaptarse y responder al contexto actual. A pesar de ellos
pareciera que America Latina en terminos de integracion regional ha
logrado pocos avances concretos, tendencia que la creacion de
nuevas propuestas de integracion necesariamente no resolvera.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Integrated or Marginalized?
Regional integration has to do with understanding complementarity
and working together, with shared visions and the ultimate goal of
putting the welfare of populations before tensions and ideologies.
The challenges of today's world, characterized by a broad
interdependence, varied hubs of power and a restructuring of
visions on how to combat new threats, which have features
particular to the age, require Latin America to succeed in building
shared strategic objectives so that its interests are heard in this
reconfiguration of the world system. Latin America has not managed
to establish this joint vision in regard to any of the major
international actors; however, it should be emphasized that new
ways of relating to them in a more horizontal manner have been
developed with some degree of success. At the sub-regional level it
is important to observe the creation of new integration mechanisms
or processes that seek to adapt and respond to the current context.
In spite of this, it would appear that, in terms of regional
integration, Latin America has achieved little concrete progress, a
tendency that the creation of new integration initiatives will not
necessarily resolve.
A finales de la decada de los setenta se inicia la tercera ola de
la democracia. America Latina rompio el ciclo politico que entre
1945-1978 produjo frecuentes oscilaciones entre regimenes
democraticos y autoritarios. Por primera vez algunos paises
experimentaron los procesos democraticos. A pesar de este hito
historico, aun persisten amenazas para la consolidacion
democratica. Los Estados deben enfrentar problemas de corrupcion,
erosion de los Estados de Derecho, altos niveles de impunidad,
falta de transparencia en las acciones gubernamentales, asi como
altas tasas de desempleo, desigualdad, pobreza y violencia. Lo
anterior se traduce en crecientes sentimientos anti-politicos y
anti-democraticos en la region. La necesidad de generar politicas
publicas en torno a la consolidacion de la gobernabilidad
democratica es una de las razones por las cuales FLACSO esta
desarrollando el proyecto "Gobernabilidad y convivencia democratica
en America Latina" con el auspicio de la Agencia Espanola de
Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Este libro se
inserta en este proyecto y recoge los aportes de los Consejeros a
Titulo Individual de la FLACSO. Los autores contribuyen con la
generacion de conocimiento sobre la gobernabilidad democratica
desde un enfoque interdisciplinario, desde la politica, la
ciudadania, la exclusion, la memoria y la demografia.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Democratic Governability
Politics, Citizenship, Exclusion, Memory and Demography
The late 1970s saw the beginning of the third wave of democracy.
Latin America broke the political cycle that from 1945-1978
produced frequent oscillations between democratic and authoritarian
regimes. Some countries experienced democratic processes for the
first time. Despite this historic milestone, threats to democratic
consolidation still persist. States must confront problems of
corruption, the erosion of the rule of law, high levels of
impunity, a lack of transparency in government actions, and high
levels of unemployment, inequality, poverty and violence. This
translates into increasing anti-political and anti-democratic
feeling in the region. The need to generate public policies
centered around the consolidation of democratic governability is
one of the reasons why FLACSO is developing the project entitled
"Governability and Democratic Coexistence in Latin America and the
Caribbean," sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International
Development Cooperation (AECID). This book is part of that project
and brings together the contributions of the Independent Advisors
to FLACSO. The authors contribute towards the generation of
knowledge on democratic governability in an interdisciplinary
approach, from the perspectives of politics, citizenship,
exclusion, memory and demography.
Los temas de caracter global que configuran la nueva agenda
internacional obligan a las regiones y paises a disenar respuestas
coordinadas entre los Estados y entre estos y los actores no
estatales. La region de America Latina y el Caribe no esta exenta
de esto. Para enfrentar estos nuevos procesos y sus consecuencias
nacionales y regionales se requiere de la asociacion para la
cooperacion. Tanto en el ambito politico como en el economico, el
multilateralismo global continua en crisis. La necesidad de mayor
cooperacion demanda que deban superarse estas deficiencias y que se
establezcan normas basicas que busquen un bien comun, disminuyan el
conflicto, y potencien la participacion de los paises de la region.
Los analisis que se presentan en este libro desean contribuir al
conocimiento y la construccion de mejores formas de relacionamiento
entre los paises de America Latina y el Caribe a nivel
intrarregional, y entre estos y el sistema internacional, partiendo
de que la agenda latinoamericana en temas prioritarios es muy
similar, los temas globales forman parte esencial de la agenda
regional y que muchos temas hemisfericos son "intermesticos" para
todos, aunque con consecuencias muy diferentes. Sin embargo, la
forma de resolverlos, prevenirlos, y a quien se acude para
trabajarlos, aun resulta muy disimil.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: Multilateralism versus
Sovereignty
Building the Community of Latin American and Caribbean
States
The issues of a global nature that make up the new international
agenda force regions and countries to formulate responses
coordinated between States, as well as between them and non-state
actors. The region of Latin America and the Caribbean is no
exception. Dealing with these new processes and their national and
regional consequences requires association for the sake of
cooperation. In both the political and economic arena, global
multilateralism continues to be in crisis. The need for greater
cooperation demands that these weaknesses be overcome and that
basic rules be established to pursue the common good, reduce
conflict and boost the participation of the countries in the
region. The analyses presented in this book aim to contribute to
the understanding and construction of better ways for the countries
of Latin America and the Caribbean to relate to each other at the
intra-regional level, and also to the international system. The
starting point is that, on priority issues, the Latin American
agenda is very similar, global issues form an essential part of the
regional agenda and many hemispheric issues are 'intermestic' for
all concerned. However, there is still a great deal of difference
with regard to the way such issues are resolved and prevented, and
whose responsibility this is deemed to be.
La Cooperacion Sur-Sur retoma su importancia. La alta
heterogeneidad y las apremiantes necesidades de los paises de renta
media, como los latinoamericanos, muestran que los flujos de ayuda
internacional son insuficientes, pues se han desplazado en una
importante proporcion a otras regiones del mundo. Ademas, dentro de
estos paises se ha venido observando la disposicion en aumento de
ser actores importantes en el proceso de cooperacion para el
desarrollo de otras naciones. Este libro busca aportar al analisis
de las formas en que las distintas modalidades de cooperacion para
el desarrollo que se observan en la region latinoamericana se estan
manifestando y cuales son sus desafios y potencialidades en un
contexto dinamico y con retos complejos. Con las contribuciones de
estos importantes autores y autoras el libro busca contribuir en la
generacion de conocimiento respecto al camino a seguir para lograr
que la cooperacion internacional, en cualquiera de sus modalidades,
logre ser mas eficaz y contribuir de manera efectiva en el
desarrollo de las naciones.
Description in English]
Latin America and the Caribbean: New forms of Cooperation
South-South dimensions
South-South cooperation has acquired renewed importance. The
enormous heterogeneity and the pressing needs of middle income
countries, like those of Latin America, demonstrate that
international aid flows are insufficient, since they have largely
shifted to other regions of the world. In addition, within these
countries there has been an increasing willingness to be important
actors in the cooperation process for the development of other
nations. This book seeks to contribute to the analysis of the ways
in which the different modalities of cooperation for development
can be observed in the Latin American region and the challenges and
potentialities they face in a dynamic and complex context. Through
the contributions of these distinguished authors, the book aims to
help generate knowledge on the path to follow to ensure that
international cooperation, in any of its forms, is more efficacious
and contributes more effectively to the development of nations.
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