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Vitruvius (Marcus V. Pollio), Roman architect and engineer, studied
Greek philosophy and science and gained experience in the course of
professional work. He was one of those appointed to be overseers of
imperial artillery or military engines, and was architect of at
least one unit of buildings for Augustus in the reconstruction of
Rome. Late in life and in ill health he completed, sometime before
27 BCE, "De Architectura" which, after its rediscovery in the
fifteenth century, was influential enough to be studied by
architects from the early Renaissance to recent times.
In "On Architecture" Vitruvius adds to the tradition of Greek
theory and practice the results of his own experience. The contents
of this treatise in ten books are as follows. Book 1: Requirements
for an architect; town planning; design, cities, aspects; temples.
2: Materials and their treatment. Greek systems. 3: Styles. Forms
of Greek temples. Ionic. 4: Styles. Corinthian, Ionic, Doric;
Tuscan; altars. 5: Other public buildings (fora, basilicae,
theatres, colonnades, baths, harbours). 6: Sites and planning,
especially of houses. 7: Construction of pavements, roads, mosaic
floors, vaults. Decoration (stucco, wall painting, colours). 8:
Hydraulic engineering; water supply; aqueducts. 9: Astronomy. Greek
and Roman discoveries; signs of the zodiac, planets, moon phases,
constellations, astrology, gnomon, sundials. 10: Machines for war
and other purposes.
VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767
AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D. Lrr., AJLLB. A.
PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM
HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION
VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE
MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi
THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. . . . XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. .
. XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . . . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY THE
MSS. . . . . . . XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii
THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS
OF GENERAL REFERENCE . . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION BOOK I.
ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING USE OF
MATERIALS . . . . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . . . 151 BOOK IV.
DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I
THEATRES AND MUSIC, BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL
TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . Frontispiece
PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS at end PLATE B. PLANS OF
TEMPLES . . . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . . . . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN
ORDER see Frontispiece PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . . . at end PLATE F.
MUSICAL SCALES ., ., PLATE O. THEATRE . . . . . PLATE H. PLAN OF
STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII . vi PREFACE THIS edition has been based
upon the oldest MS. of Vitruvius, the Harleian 2767 of the British
Museum, probably of the eighth century, and from the Saxon
scriptorium of Northumbria in which the Codex Amiatinus was
written. The Latin closely resembles that of the workshop and the
street. In my translation I havesought to retain the vividness and
accuracy of the original, and have not sought a smoothness of
rendering which would become a more polished style. The reader, it
is possible, may discern the genial figure of Vitruvius through his
utterances. In a technical treatise the risks of the translator are
many. The help of Dr. House has rendered them less formidable, but
he is not responsible for the errors which have survived revision.
The introduction has been limited to such con siderations as may
enable the layman to enter into the mysteries of the craft, and the
general reader to follow the stages by which the successive
accretions to the text have been removed. The section upon language
indicates some of the relations of Vitruvius to Old Latin
generally. My examination of fourteen MSS. has been rendered
possible by the courtesy of the Directors of the MSS. Libraries at
the British Museum, the Vatican, the Escorial, the Bibliotheque
Nationale vii PREFACE at Paris, the Bodleian, St. Johns College,
Oxford, and Eton College. A word of special thanks is due to his
Excellency the Spanish Ambassador to London, his Eminence the
Cardinal Merry del Val and the Secretary of the British Embassy at
Paris, for their assistance. Mr. Paul Gray, M. A., of this College,
has given me valuable help in preparing the MS. for the press.
FRANK GRANGER. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM, September, 1929.
viii INTRODUCTION VlTRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OP THE WEST THE
history of architectural literature is taken by Vitruvius to begin
with the theatre of Dionysus at Athens. 1 In earlier times the
spectators were accommodated upon wooden benches. According to one
account, 2 in the year 500 B. C. or thereabouts, thescaffolding
collapsed, and in consequence a beginning was made towards a
permanent stone structure. The elaborate stage settings of
Aeschylus reached their culmination at the performance of the
Agamemnon and its associated plays in 458. According to Suidas, 3
the collapse of the scaffolding, which occurred at a performance of
one of Aeschylus dramas, led to the exile of the poet in Sicily,
where he died in 456. In that case the permanent con struction of
the theatre would begin in the Periclean age some time between 458
and 456...
VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767
AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D. Lrr., AJLLB. A.
PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM
HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION
VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE
MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi
THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. . . . XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. .
. XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . . . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY THE
MSS. . . . . . . XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii
THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS
OF GENERAL REFERENCE . . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION BOOK I.
ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING USE OF
MATERIALS . . . . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . . . 151 BOOK IV.
DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I
THEATRES AND MUSIC, BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL
TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . Frontispiece
PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS at end PLATE B. PLANS OF
TEMPLES . . . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . . . . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN
ORDER see Frontispiece PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . . . at end PLATE F.
MUSICAL SCALES ., ., PLATE O. THEATRE . . . . . PLATE H. PLAN OF
STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII . vi PREFACE THIS edition has been based
upon the oldest MS. of Vitruvius, the Harleian 2767 of the British
Museum, probably of the eighth century, and from the Saxon
scriptorium of Northumbria in which the Codex Amiatinus was
written. The Latin closely resembles that of the workshop and the
street. In my translation I havesought to retain the vividness and
accuracy of the original, and have not sought a smoothness of
rendering which would become a more polished style. The reader, it
is possible, may discern the genial figure of Vitruvius through his
utterances. In a technical treatise the risks of the translator are
many. The help of Dr. House has rendered them less formidable, but
he is not responsible for the errors which have survived revision.
The introduction has been limited to such con siderations as may
enable the layman to enter into the mysteries of the craft, and the
general reader to follow the stages by which the successive
accretions to the text have been removed. The section upon language
indicates some of the relations of Vitruvius to Old Latin
generally. My examination of fourteen MSS. has been rendered
possible by the courtesy of the Directors of the MSS. Libraries at
the British Museum, the Vatican, the Escorial, the Bibliotheque
Nationale vii PREFACE at Paris, the Bodleian, St. Johns College,
Oxford, and Eton College. A word of special thanks is due to his
Excellency the Spanish Ambassador to London, his Eminence the
Cardinal Merry del Val and the Secretary of the British Embassy at
Paris, for their assistance. Mr. Paul Gray, M. A., of this College,
has given me valuable help in preparing the MS. for the press.
FRANK GRANGER. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM, September, 1929.
viii INTRODUCTION VlTRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OP THE WEST THE
history of architectural literature is taken by Vitruvius to begin
with the theatre of Dionysus at Athens. 1 In earlier times the
spectators were accommodated upon wooden benches. According to one
account, 2 in the year 500 B. C. or thereabouts, thescaffolding
collapsed, and in consequence a beginning was made towards a
permanent stone structure. The elaborate stage settings of
Aeschylus reached their culmination at the performance of the
Agamemnon and its associated plays in 458. According to Suidas, 3
the collapse of the scaffolding, which occurred at a performance of
one of Aeschylus dramas, led to the exile of the poet in Sicily,
where he died in 456. In that case the permanent con struction of
the theatre would begin in the Periclean age some time between 458
and 456...
Vitruvius (Marcus V. Pollio), Roman architect and engineer, studied
Greek philosophy and science and gained experience in the course of
professional work. He was one of those appointed to be overseers of
imperial artillery or military engines, and was architect of at
least one unit of buildings for Augustus in the reconstruction of
Rome. Late in life and in ill health he completed, sometime before
27 BCE, "De Architectura" which, after its rediscovery in the
fifteenth century, was influential enough to be studied by
architects from the early Renaissance to recent times.
In "On Architecture" Vitruvius adds to the tradition of Greek
theory and practice the results of his own experience. The contents
of this treatise in ten books are as follows. Book 1: Requirements
for an architect; town planning; design, cities, aspects; temples.
2: Materials and their treatment. Greek systems. 3: Styles. Forms
of Greek temples. Ionic. 4: Styles. Corinthian, Ionic, Doric;
Tuscan; altars. 5: Other public buildings (fora, basilicae,
theatres, colonnades, baths, harbours). 6: Sites and planning,
especially of houses. 7: Construction of pavements, roads, mosaic
floors, vaults. Decoration (stucco, wall painting, colours). 8:
Hydraulic engineering; water supply; aqueducts. 9: Astronomy. Greek
and Roman discoveries; signs of the zodiac, planets, moon phases,
constellations, astrology, gnomon, sundials. 10: Machines for war
and other purposes.
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