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Wars create their own dynamics, especially with regard to images
and language. The semiotic and semantic codes are redefined,
according to the need to create an enemy image, or in reference to
the results of a war that are post-event defined as just or
reasonable. The semiotic systems of wars are central to the
discussion of the contributions within this volume, which highlight
the interrelationship of semiotic systems and their constructions
during wars in different periods of history.
Access to new plants and consumer goods such as sugar, tobacco, and
chocolate from the beginning of the sixteenth century onwards would
massively change the way people lived, especially in how and what
they consumed. While global markets were consequently formed and
provided access to these new commodities that increasingly became
important in the 'Old World', especially with regard to the
establishment early modern consumer societies. This book brings
together specialists from a range of historical fields to analyse
the establishment of these commodity chains from the Americas to
Europe as well as their cultural implications.
The Yearbook of Transnational History is dedicated to disseminating
pioneering research in the field of transnational history. This
fourth volume is focused to the theme of exile. Authors from across
the historical discipline provide insights into central aspects of
research into the phenomenon of exile in the nineteenth and
twentieth century. Both centuries have seen large numbers of people
- left-leaning revolutionaries as well as monarchists and
conservatives - fleeing revolutions, oppression, persecution, and
extermination. This volume is the first publication to provide a
comprehensive overview over exiles of various political and ethnic
groups beginning with the French Revolution and ending with the
transfer of Nazi scientists from post-World-War-II Germany to the
United States. This volume contains contributions about the
refugees created by the French Revolution, the Forty-Eighters who
were forced out of Germany after the failed Revolution of 1848/49,
the anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, Vietnamese
anti-colonial activists in France, the exiles of Nazi Germany, and
the transfer of Nazi scientists such as Wernher von Braun to the
United States after World War II.
Wars create their own dynamics, especially with regard to images
and language. The semiotic and semantic codes are redefined,
according to the need to create an enemy image, or in reference to
the results of a war that are post-event defined as just or
reasonable. The semiotic systems of wars are central to the
discussion of the contributions within this volume, which highlight
the interrelationship of semiotic systems and their constructions
during wars in different periods of history.
Clear visual instructions for creating 28 delightful images from a
popular 19th-century picture book: goose, deer (with antlers),
birds, bunny, dog, elephant, tortoise, and other engaging
creatures, along with often hilarious snippets of verse by zany
20th century humorist. Engaging book recalls a pastime that has
delighted children and adults for generations.
Prostitution ist scheinbar genauso alt wie die Menschheit selbst
und gilt nicht von ungefahr als das "alteste Gewerbe" uberhaupt.
Dieser Band versteht sich als interdisziplinare, chronologisch
sowie global umfassende Analyse des Phanomens und bietet dem
Fachpublikum und dem interessierten Leser gleichermassen eine
breite Darstellung der Prostitution aus historischer,
soziologischer, genderorientierter sowie kulturwissenschaftlicher
Perspektive. Untersucht werden dabei die Rolle von Prostituierten
in der Gesellschaft, die Rezeption des Gewerbes per se sowie die
Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen sich ein solches etablieren kann.
Prostitution seems to be as old as humanity itself and is
consequently not described as the "oldest profession" without
cause. This anthology is an interdisciplinary, chronological and
regional extensive approach to analyze the phenomenon. It provides
a broad historical, sociological, cultural, and gender perspective
on prostitution for the academic as well as the interested reader
alike. It examines the role of prostitutes in society, the
reception of the profession per se and the conditions due to which
it is established.
The child in many post-apocalyptic films occupies a unique space
within the narrative, a space that oscillates between death and
destruction, faith and hope. The Child in Post-Apocalyptic Cinema
interrogates notions of the child as a symbol of futurity and also
loss. By exploring the ways children function discursively within a
dystopian framework we may better understand how and why
traditional notions of childhood are repeatedly tethered to sites
of adult conflict and disaster, a connection that often functions
to reaffirm the "rightness" of past systems of social order. This
collection features critical articles that explore the role of the
child character in post-apocalyptic cinema, including classic,
recent, and international films, approached from a variety of
theoretical, methodological, and cultural perspectives.
Sport is everything, but never solely sport. The commodification of
human pleasure in or about many sports led to an increased
political interest and dimension with regard to the major leagues
and their stars. Corruption and scandals increased, while the human
being in sports was and still is very often exploited or
mistreated. These problems often relate to the political dimension
as well. Consequently, it seems very promising and necessary alike
to take a closer look at the interrelation of sports and politics.
The present volume addresses this interrelation from different
angles, when talking about issues like racism, gender inequality,
or classism.
The Russo-Japanese War was in essence a colonial conflict between
the expanding interests of Russia and Japan in East Asia. However,
while appearing regional, the war itself in fact had a major global
impact. The conflict and Japanese victory stimulated the Russian
revolutionary movement in 1905 and hence the Russian Revolution of
1917. In addition, the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth created a tension
between the United States and Japan that would establish the
starting point for the road directly leading to Pearl Harbor in
1941. Eventually the war had a major impact on Germany, whose
diplomats wanted to use the war to bind St Petersburg to Berlin,
and whose military planners closely observed the events to prepare
themselves for the next possible conflict. This book makes a strong
argument for the consideration of initially minor events in the
analysis of global history. By describing and analyzing the
interrelationship between the events in East Asia and the major
developments in Europe and the United States, it shows the
significance of the Russo-Japanese War as a key factor in
determining the most momentous historical events of the twentieth
century: The First World War, the Second World War, and the Cold
War.
The Russo-Japanese War was in essence a colonial conflict between
the expanding interests of Russia and Japan in East Asia. However,
while appearing regional, the war itself in fact had a major global
impact. The conflict and Japanese victory stimulated the Russian
revolutionary movement in 1905 and hence the Russian Revolution of
1917. In addition, the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth created a tension
between the United States and Japan that would establish the
starting point for the road directly leading to Pearl Harbor in
1941. Eventually the war had a major impact on Germany, whose
diplomats wanted to use the war to bind St Petersburg to Berlin,
and whose military planners closely observed the events to prepare
themselves for the next possible conflict. This book makes a strong
argument for the consideration of initially minor events in the
analysis of global history. By describing and analyzing the
interrelationship between the events in East Asia and the major
developments in Europe and the United States, it shows the
significance of the Russo-Japanese War as a key factor in
determining the most momentous historical events of the twentieth
century: The First World War, the Second World War, and the Cold
War.
The series Genocide and Mass Violence in the Age of Extremes wants
to provide an interdisciplinary forum for research on mass violence
and genocide during the "short" 20th century. It will highlight the
role of state and non-state actors, the perspectives of
perpetrators, victims, and bystanders, and put violent events of
the Age of Extremes in a larger political, social, and most
important, cultural context. Anthologies and monographs will
provide academic and non-academic readers with a deep insight into
and a better understanding for the reasons, the acts, and the
consequences or mass violence and genocide from a global
perspective. Titles of the series will be published in print and
OPEN ACCESS. Advisory Board: Omer Bartov (Brown University)
Wolfgang Benz (TU Berlin) Elissa Bemporad (Queens College, CUNY)
Nida Kirmani (LUMS, Pakistan) Thomas KĂĽhne (Clark University)
Michael Pfeifer (John and Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY)
JĂĽrgen Zimmerer (University of Hamburg)
The First World War was a truely global event that changed the
course of history in many participating as well as
non-participating countries. In East Asia, the war stimulated the
further rise of Japan as the leading power in the region during the
war, yet also its radicalization and social protests after 1918. In
China and Korea it stimulated nationalist eruptions, demanding
freedom and equality for the (semi)colonized countries and the
people living within their borders. All in all, the present book
offers a consice introduction of the history of the First World War
and its impact in East Asia.
For centuries women and other “gendered minorities” had to
protest to gain equality. Their demands were often matched by
counter-protest from conservative forces within historical
societies that intended to return to “old orders” or “good
old times.” The present volume will take a closer look at the
interrelationship between gender and protest and analyze in detail
how gender-related perspectives stimulated protests and initiated
historical changes. Through historical case studies that range from
antiquity until modern times, specialists from different countries
and disciplines discuss reasons for protest, gender as a factor
that stimulated social conflicts, and the power of gendered
protests of the past with regards to their impact and long-term
impact until today.
Nationalism was declared dead too early. At the end of the Cold
War, the postnational age was announced and liberalism claimed to
have been victorious. Simultaneously, a postnational order was
proclaimed. Transnational alliances like the European Union were
thought to become much more important in international relations.
Instead, we witnessed the rise of various forms of strong
nationalisms all over the globe during the early twenty-first
century and right-wing parties gaining more and more votes in
elections often characterized by heavily nationalist agendas. This
volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears determine politics in
an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence
amongst nations by those who consider transnational ideas more
valuable than national demands. The case studies in the book offer
explanations of how and why nationalism made its way back to the
common consciousness and which elements stimulated the
re-establishment of the aggressive nation-state. Continuities of
empire, actual or imagined, as well as the role of "foreign-" and
"otherness" for nationalist narratives, are key in order to explain
how, among other factors, globalization stimulated the rise of
twenty-first century nationalisms.
Nationalism was declared to be dead too early. A postnational age
was announced, and liberalism claimed to have been victorious by
the end of the Cold War. At the same time postnational order was
proclaimed in which transnational alliances like the European Union
were supposed to become more important in international relations.
But we witnessed the rise a strong nationalism during the early
21st century instead, and right wing parties are able to gain more
and more votes in elections that are often characterized by
nationalist agendas. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and
fears alike determine politics in an age that was supposed to
witness a rather peaceful coexistence by those who consider
transnational ideas more valuable than national demands. It will
deal with different case studies to show why and how nationalism
made its way back to the common consciousness and which elements
stimulated the re-establishment of the aggressive nation state. The
volume will therefore look at the continuities of empire, actual
and imagined, the role of "foreign-" and "otherness" for
nationalist narratives, and try to explain how globalization
stimulated the rise of 21st century nationalisms as well.
Marriage was historically not only a romantic ideal, but a tool of
exploitation of women in many regards. Women were often considered
commodities and marriage was far away from the romantic stereotypes
people relate to it today. While marriages served as diplomatic
tools or means of political legitimization in the past, the
discourses about marital relationships changed and women expressed
their demands more openly. Discourses about marriage in history and
literature naturally became more and more heated, especially during
the "long" 19th century, when marriages were contested by social
reformers or political radicals, male and female alike. The present
volume provides a discussion of the role of marriage and the
discourses about in different chronological and geographical
contexts and shows which arguments played an important role for the
demand for more equality in martial relationships. It focuses on
marriage discourses, may they have been legal or rather
socio-political ones. In addition, the disputes about marriage in
literary works of the 19th and 20th centuries are presented to
complement the historical debates.
What impact did Bolshevist rule have on Emma Goldmans's perception
of the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and why did she change her mind,
going from defending the Russian Revolution to becoming a crusader
against Bolshevism? The Russian Revolution changed the world and
determined the history of the 20th century as the French Revolution
had determined the history of the 19th century. Left-wing
intellectuals around the world greeted the February Revolution with
enthusiasm as their hope for a new world and social order and the
end of capitalism seemed close. However, the joy did not last long
as the ideals of February 1917 were replaced by the realities of
October 1917 and Lenin crushed the revolution during the following
Civil War. Emma Goldman, a famous Russian-born American anarchist
was one of the intellectuals, whose admiration for the revolution
turned into frustration about its corruption. Emma Goldman and the
Russian Revolution discusses her evolving perception of the
revolution between 1917 and the early 1920s. The analysis of such
an intellectual transformation process, provides a case study of
intellectual and revolutionary history alike, adding a closer
reading to the research about the famous American anarchist, Emma
Goldman, her transnational life and her role as a revolutionary
intellectual.
Sport is everything, but never solely sport. The commodification of
human pleasure in or about many sports led to an increased
political interest and dimension with regard to the major leagues
and their stars. Corruption and scandals increased, while the human
being in sports was and still is very often exploited or
mistreated. These problems often relate to the political dimension
as well. Consequently, it seems very promising and necessary alike
to take a closer look at the interrelation of sports and politics.
The present volume addresses this interrelation from different
angles, when talking about issues like racism, gender inequality,
or classism.
Jewish radical thoughts and actions can be described in a variety
of terms and dimensions. Often, there is a connection implied
between left-wing ideas and activists as well as their radicalism.
This volume surveys Jewish radicalisms and present different
approaches on this global historical phenomenon which are
conceptualised as three different phenomena: Cultural, political
and religious radicalism. The volume is focussed on the 20th
century and tries to grasp the manifold Ideas of Jewish radicalism
and, thereby, wants to open up the discussion on this category.
This discussion is needed not only within Jewish Studies to engage
with this topic and broaden our understanding of Jewish Radicalism
as well as to form a useful applicable category. This volume is to
be understood as a call for and a contribution to this debate.
In Asia the "Age of Extremes" witnessed many forms of mass violence
and genocide, related to the rise and fall of the Japanese Empire,
the proxy wars of the Cold War, and the anti-colonial nation
building processes that often led to new conflicts and civil wars.
The present volume is considered an introductory reader that deals
with different forms of mass violence and genocide in Asia,
discusses the perspectives of victims and perpetrators alike.
Access to new plants and consumer goods such as sugar, tobacco, and
chocolate from the beginning of the sixteenth century onwards would
massively change the way people lived, especially in how and what
they consumed. While global markets were consequently formed and
provided access to these new commodities that increasingly became
important in the 'Old World', especially with regard to the
establishment early modern consumer societies. This book brings
together specialists from a range of historical fields to analyse
the establishment of these commodity chains from the Americas to
Europe as well as their cultural implications.
This book presents a critical edition of the lecture "Cuba and the
Cubans" by George Kennan the Elder, with a wide-ranging
introduction examining its influence on American public opinion of
the Spanish-American War. A well-known journalist and travel
writer, George Kennan went to Cuba in 1898 to report on the war and
conditions on the island for American readers. After the war, he
delivered his lecture "Cuba and the Cubans" to audiences across the
United States, depicting a backwards, inferior culture unprepared
for independence. Frank Jacob's introduction offers rich context
for his life, lecture, and influence, arguing that he contributed
to the shift in public perception of Cuba from respected ally to
wayward neighbor in need of American intervention. This critical
edition illuminates the interaction between journalism, public
opinion, and U.S. foreign policy at a key moment in the U.S.-Cuban
relationship that still reverberates today.
Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory can help to better
understand and describe developments of the 21st century. The
contributors address the possibilities to reread Wallerstein's
theoretical thoughts and ideas that are related to different
disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. The presented
interdisciplinary approach of this anthology thereby intends to
highlight the broader value of Wallerstein's ideas, even almost
five decades after the famous sociologist and economic historian
first expressed them.
This book challenges the premise that a 'military revolution'
prompted the major European powers to enter into an era of global
hegemony during the early modern period, and suggests that this
theory is not supported if we closely examine contemporary
historical events. The conquests of Mexico and Peru, arguably the
two most important colonial acquisitions by a European power during
that era, were accomplished without the technology or tactics that
are usually associated with the 'military revolution'. On the other
hand, Japan, Korea, some Indian states and the Ottoman Empire
implemented military reforms, both tactical and technological, that
are commonly associated with what was considered an exclusively
Western approach to warfare. By comparing case studies of the
Western and the non-Western world, Frank Jacob and Gilmar
Visoni-Alonzo show that the concept of such a 'military revolution'
is a myth perpetuated by a Eurocentric perspective on history.
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