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Civil Rights and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Democratic Party,
1945-1976 is about ideology and politics. It focuses on the civil
rights issue in Democratic party politics from 1945 to 1976 but
glances at a longer history to describe American liberalism.
This book is an interpretation of our recent political past. It
offers an explanation of the rise and decline of postwar
liberalism, a creed that was vitally concerned with civil rights.
Partly because of such special concern, liberalism inspired in many
a daring vision of social justice and, by the end of the 1960s,
inspired in many more a reaction of loathing and contempt. To
explain the rise of this ideology, John Frederick Martin has drawn
from numerous archives and interviews and assessed the
contributions of Truman, Stevenson, Kefauver, Harriman, Kennedy,
and Johnson. To explain its decline, he has analyzed the reaction
to the liberals' government-the sentiments aroused by busing,
affirmative action, Model Cities, and the militance of blacks,
Democrats, and white ethnics. Though varying in their intent, these
responses shared a dislike of the liberals' treatment of minorities
and a dread of government power-a dread made stronger by the
antiwar movement and the Watergate scandal-and thereby discredited
the very ends and means of the liberal program. By the early 1970s,
Martin argues, it was no surprise that a politics of
consumerism-pivoting on the rights of the average citizen, not of
the deprived citizen, and eschewing government power-had replaced
the liberal ideology. Placing this narrative in a larger context,
Martin explains the importance of the race issue in previous
liberal movements and composes an interpretation of the whole of
American liberalism as well as of its latest stage and the
Democrats' recent ordeal.
In examining the founding of New England towns during the
seventeenth century, John Frederick Martin investigates an old
subject with fresh insight. Whereas most historians emphasize
communalism and absence of commerce in the seventeenth century,
Martin demonstrates that colonists sought profits in town-founding,
that town founders used business corporations to organize
themselves into landholding bodies, and that multiple and absentee
landholding was common.
In reviewing some sixty towns and the activities of one hundred
town founders, Martin finds that many town residents were excluded
from owning common lands and from voting. It was not until the end
of the seventeenth century, when proprietors separated from towns,
that town institutions emerged as fully public entities for the
first time.
Martin's study will challenge historians to rethink not only social
history but also the cultural history of early New England. Instead
of taking sides in the long-standing debate between Puritan
scholars and business historians, Martin identifies strains within
Puritanism and the rest of the colonists' culture that both
discouraged and encouraged land commerce, both supported and
undermined communalism, both hindered and hastened development of
the wilderness. Rather than portray colonists one-dimensionally,
Martin analyzes how several different and competing ethics
coexisted within a single, complex, and vibrant New England
culture.
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