In this second volume on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics we shall show how it is possible, using the methodology presented in Volume I, to deduce some of the most important applications of quantum mechanics. These deductions are concerned with the structures of the micro systems rather than the technical details of the construction of preparation and registration devices. Accordingly, the only new axioms (relative to Volume I) which are introduced are concerned with the relationship between ensemble operators W, effect operators F, and certain construction principles of the preparation and registration devices. The applications described here are concerned with the measurement of atomic and molecular structure and of collision experiments. An additional and essential step towards a theoretical description of the preparation and registration procedures is carried out in Chapter XVII. Here we demonstrate how microscopic collision processes (that is, processes which can be described by quantum mechanics) can be used to obtain novel preparation and registration procedures if we take for granted the knowledge of only a few macroscopic preparation and registration procedures. By clever use of collision processes we are often able to obtain very precise results for the operators Wand F which describe the total procedures from a very imprecise knowledge of the macroscopic parts of the preparation and regis tration processes. In this regard experimental physicists have done brilliant work. In this sense Chapter XVII represents a general theoretical foundation for the procedures used by experimental physicists."

This book is the first volume of a two-volume work, which is an improved version of a preprint [47] published in German. We seek to deduce the funda mental concepts of quantum mechanics solely from a description of macroscopic devices. The microscopic systems such as electrons, atoms, etc. must be detected on the basis of the macroscopic behavior of the devices. This detection resembles the detection of the dinosaurs on the basis offossils. In this first volume we develop a general description of macroscopic systems by trajectories in state spaces. This general description is a basis for the special de scription of devices consisting of two parts, where the first part is acting on the second. The microsystems are discovered as systems transmitting the action. Axioms which describe general empirical structures of the interactions between the two parts of each device, give rise to a derivation of the Hilbert space structure of quantum mechanics. Possibly, these axioms (and consequently the Hilbert space structure) may fail to describe other realms than the structure of atoms and mole cules, for instance the "elementary particles". This book supplements ref. [2]. Both together not only give an extensive foundation of quantum mechanics but also a solution in principle of the measuring problem.

Die Quantenmechanik hat seit ihrem Beginn immer wieder diskutierte Pro- bleme in Bezug auf ihre "Interpretation" gestellt. Auch heute noch wer- den die Fragen nach der Rolle des Bewusstseins, nach Objektivitat oder Subjektivitat, nach der Bedeutung der sogenannten "Reduktion der Wellen- pakete" mit aller Leidenschaftlichkeit diskutiert. Viele meinen, dass nur eine AEnderung der klassischen Aussagelogik zu einer mehrwertigen "Wahr- scheinlichkeitslogik" es ermoeglicht, die Quantenmechanik zu interpretieren. Die Leidenschaftlichkeit, mit der alle diese Fragen diskutiert werden, zeigt zweierlei: 1. Dass die Grundaussagen der Quantenmechanik begrifflich viel zu ver- schwommen sind, so dass die einzelnen durchaus verschiedene In- halte bei Benutzung desselben Wortes meinen. Solche unklaren Be- griffe sind "Zustand", "Observable", "Beobachter", "Eigenschaft", "Aussage" (Proposition) und ahnliche. 2. Dass die Diskussion der vermeintlich nur physikalischen Fragen tat- sachlich in der Tiefe beherrscht wird von "philosophisch - weltan- schaulichen" Vorentscheidungen. Die entscheidende Grundstruktur derQuantenmechanik, die zu den erwahn- ten Fragestellungen fuhrt, ist die Benutzung von Operatoren des Hilbert- raumes zur Beschreibung der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Messergebnissen, wie es kurz in Kapitel I rekapituliert wird. Kapitel I versucht die bekannte Zusammenfassung der quantenmechanischen Grundpostulate nach J. v. Neumann zu formulieren, damit der Leser an Bekanntes anschliessen kann. Kapitel I erhebt daher keinen Anspruch, eine systematische axiomatische Formulierung im Sinne der Mathematik zu sein; IV im Gegenteil soll Kapitel I als Zusammenfassung heuristischer Prinzipien noch einmal, kurz die "Bedurftigkeit" nach einer echten Grundlegung der Quantenmechanik aufweisen.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Aphorismi Botanici Christian G. Ludwig

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ De Humore Cutem Inungente Christian G. Ludwig, Franz Grutzmacher Imprim. Ulric. Christian. Saalbach, 1748

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Tratado Completo De Enfermedades Mercuriales; Enciclopedia De Medicina, Cirugia Y Farmacia G. Ludwig Dieterich Antonio Calleja ((Viuda e Hijos de)) Santiago de Palacios y Villalba Viuda e Hijos de Antonio Calleja, 1845 Medical; Infectious Diseases; Medical / Infectious Diseases

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ De Medicamentorum Contrariorum Compositione Christian G. Ludwig Ex officina Langenhemia, 1758 Medical; Clinical Medicine; Medical / Clinical Medicine; Therapeutics

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ De Cuticula ... Christian G. Ludwig, Johann C. Schoss Ex officina Langenhemiana, 1739 Health & Fitness; Beauty & Grooming; Health & Fitness / Beauty & Grooming; Medical / Dermatology; Nails (Anatomy)