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The new edition of The Child as Musician: A Handbook of Musical
Development celebrates the richness and diversity of the many
different ways in which children can engage in and interact with
music. It presents theory - both cutting edge and classic - in an
accessible way for readers by surveying research concerned with the
development and acquisition of musical skills. The focus is on
musical development from conception to late adolescences, although
the bulk of the coverage concentrates on the period when children
are able to begin formal music instruction (from around age 3)
until the final year of formal schooling (around age 18). There are
many conceptions of how musical development might take place, just
as there are for other disciplines and areas of human potential.
Consequently, the publication highlights the diversity in current
literature dealing with how we think about and conceptualise
children's musical development. Each of the authors has searched
for a better and more effective way to explain in their own words
and according to their own perspective, the remarkable ways in
which children engage with music. In the field of educational
psychology there are a number of publications that survey the
issues surrounding child and adolescent development. Some of the
more innovative present research and theories, and their
educational implications, in a style that stresses the fundamental
interplay among the biological, environmental, social and cultural
influences at each stage of a child's development. Until now, no
similar overview has existed for child and adolescent development
in the field of music. The Child as Musician addresses this
imbalance, and is essential for those in the fields of child
development, music education, and music cognition.
Music education takes place in many contexts, both formal and
informal. Be it in a school or music studio, while making music
with friends or family, or even while travelling in a car, walking
through a shopping mall or watching television, our myriad sonic
experiences accumulate from the earliest months of life to foster
our facility for making sense of the sound worlds in which we live.
The Oxford Handbook of Music Education offers a comprehensive
overview of the many facets of musical experience, behavior and
development in relation to this diverse variety of contexts. In
this first of two volumes, an international list of contributors
discuss a range of key issues and concepts associated with music
learning and teaching. The volume then focuses on these processes
as they take place during childhood, from infancy through
adolescence and primarily in the school-age years. Exploring how
children across the globe learn and make music and the skills and
attributes gained when they do so, these chapters examine the means
through which music educators can best meet young people's musical
needs. The second volume of the set brings the exploration beyond
the classroom and into later life. Whether they are used
individually or in tandem, the two volumes of The Oxford Handbook
of Music Education update and redefine the discipline, and show how
individuals across the world learn, enjoy and share the power and
uniqueness of music.
Music in the Human Experience: An Introduction to Music Psychology, Third Edition, explores the ways in which we make sense of music and how we respond to it—cognitively, physically, and emotionally. Written by musicians, for musicians, while incorporating findings from biology, anthropology, sociology, physics, philosophy, and education, the text presents musical experiences as widely varied and hugely complex affairs. How did human beings come to be musical creatures? Why do people have emotional responses to music? In Music in the Human Experience, the authors seek to understand and explain these musical phenomena that lie at the core of what it means to be human.
New to the Third Edition:
New co-author, Gary E. McPherson
Fresh discussions on in-demand topics: social justice in music, fitness for musicians, constructivism, and more
Increased recognition of non-Western music and musical experiences
A digital overhaul of the accompanying multimedia tutorials, now available via www.musicinthehumanexperience.com
Refined and updated content throughout
Table of Contents
Part I: Introducing Music Psychology
Chapter 1. What is Music Psychology?
The Purview of Music Psychology
A Model of Music Psychology
Contributions from Biology
Contributions from Anthropology
Contributions from Philosophy
Contributions from Education
Contributions from Psychology
Contributions from Sociology
Contributions from Physics
Contributions from Music
A Brief History of Music Psychology
An Overview of the Literature in Music Psychology
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 2. Philosophical Issues in Music Psychology
Human and Musical Nature
Biological Differences
Adaptability
Cultural Development
Symbolic Behaviors
Love
Play
Religion
Technology
Aesthetic Sensitivity
Knowledge
The Interface of Music Philosophy and Music Psychology
General Philosophical Approaches
The Science of Beauty
Experimental Aesthetics
The Golden Mean and Mathematical Influences
A Philosophical Paradigm Shift in Music Psychology
Music as a Way of Knowing
Is Music Psychology Encroaching on Music Philosophy’s Territory?
Seashore’s Involvement with Eugenics
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 3. How We Came to be Musical
Rhythm, a Fundamental Life Process
Natural Soundscapes
Parent-Infant Bonding
The Acquisition of Language
Music as a Way of Knowing
Social Organization
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 4. Music Around the World and Across Time
Time-Line of Early Artistic Behaviors
Prehistoric Cave and Rock Art
Art and Technology
Invariants
Religion
Celebrations
Altered States of Consciousness
Music: A Human Invariant
Emotional expression (Merriam), Regulation of an individual's emotional, cognitive, or physiological state (Clayton)
Aesthetic enjoyment (Merriam)
Entertainment (Merriam), Personal enjoyment, Games (Gregory)
Communication (Merriam, Gregory)
Symbolic representation (Merriam, Clayton), Personal symbol (Gregory)
Physical response (Merriam), Dancing (Clayton)
Enforcing conformity to social norms (Merriam), Mediation between self and other (Clayton)
Validation of social institutions and religious rituals (Merriam), Ceremonies and festivals; Religious music (Gregory)
Contribution to the continuity and stability of culture (Merriam), Ethnic or group identity (Gregory)
Contribution to the integration of society (Merriam)
Lullabies (Gregory)
Work music (Gregory), Coordination of action (Clayton)
Storytelling (Gregory)
Battle (Gregory)
Salesmanship (Gregory)
Healing, trance (Gregory)
Court (Gregory)
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Part II: Perceiving, Understanding and Responding to Music
Chapter 5. Acoustical Foundations of Music
What is Sound?
Important Parameters of Sound
Measuring and Describing Sound and Vibration
Frequency
Amplitude
Waveform (Signal Shape)
Time
How Environment Affects Sound
Transmission and Absorption
Reflection
Diffraction
Refraction
Interference
Tuning Systems
Tuning in Western Music
Non-Western Tuning Systems
Acoustics of the Voice and Musical Instruments
The Voice
Aerophones
Chordophones
Idiophones, Membranophones, and Corpophones
Electrophones
Room Acoustics
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 6. Musical Hearing
The Hearing Mechanism
Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
From Ear to Brain
The Auditory Cortex
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 7. Psychoacoustics and the Perception of Music
The Critical Band
The Perception of Pitch
Pitch Discrimination
Pitch Matching
Pitch Height and Pitch Chroma
Absolute Pitch
Synesthesia
The Perception of Loudness
The Perception of Timbre
The Perception of Duration
Secondary Relationships
Pitch
Loudness
Timbre
Duration
Volume and Density
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 8. Music Cognition
Gestalt Laws of Cognitive Organization
Auditory Scene Analysis
Schemata
The Spotlight of Attention
The Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Auditory Stream Segregation
Musical Memory
Statistical Learning in Music
Expectancy Theory
Tonality
Cognition of Musical Elements
Melody and Harmony
Tonality in Melody Cognition
Melodic Contour
Consonance - Dissonance
Rhythm
Timbre
Cognition of Larger Musical Forms
Cross-Cultural Comparative Research in Music
Music and Language
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 9. Music and the Brain
Brief Introduction to the Brain
Neural Plasticity
Pruning
Critical and Sensitive Periods
Neural Networks
Multisensory Integration
Music in the Brain
Support from Ancillary Disciplines
Support from Indirect Approaches
Special Musicians
Imaging Techniques for Studying Music
Electroencephalography
Electrocorticography
Event-related Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Positron-Emission Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
fNIRS: Functional Near-Infared Spectroscopy
Hyperscanning
Imaging Music Perception and Cognition
Imaging Affective Responses to Music
Imaging Musical Performance
Imaging Music Learning
Predictive Coding of Music (PCM) Model
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 10. Bodily Responses to Music
Physiological Responses to Music
Heart Rate and Pulse Rate
Blood Pressure
Respiration
Skin Conductance Responses
Neurochemical Responses
Skin, Finger, or Body Temperature
Miscellaneous Responses
Physical Responses to Music
Muscular and Motor Responses
Chills and Tears
Facial Gestures
Body Movements
Discussion of Psychophysiological Variables
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 11. Musical Emotions
Introduction to the Study of Emotions
The Role of Expectations in Musical Emotions
Measuring Musical Emotions
Perceived Emotions: The Cognitivist Position
Induced Musical Emotions: The Emotivist Position
A Third Viewpoint: Aesthetic Trinity Theory
Musical Emotions in Everyday Experiences
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Part III: Being Musical
Chapter 12. The Musical Person
Is Musicality Inherited or Acquired?
Genetic Factors in Musicality
The Acquisition of Musical Attributes
Summary of the Inheritance/Acquisition of Musical Attributes
The Relationship of Musical Attributes to Other Human Attributes
The Musical Personality
Religious and Spiritual Aspects
Musical Identity
Musical Preferences
Preferences for Instruments
Preferences for Musical Genres
The Listener
The Music
Situations and Contexts
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 13. Music Performance
Motor Skills
Neuromotor Aspects of Music Making
Motor Aspects of Music Making
Music Performance
The Acquisition of Motor Skills
Audio-Motor and Mirror Neuron Systems
Quantity of Practice
Cognitive Skills
Quality of Practice
Mental Rehearsal
Music Reading
Expressive Skills
Body Movement
Musical Cues for Expressiveness
Musical Creativity
Memory and Creativity
Divergent and Convergent Thinking
Flow
Improvisation
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 14. The Psychology of Music Learning
Psychoanalysis
Behavioral Psychology
Cognitive Approaches
Humanistic Psychology
Gestalt Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Social Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Taxonomies
Music Intelligence
Music Cognition, Music Learning, and Reflective Thinking
Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive Load Theory
Explicit Instruction
Worked Examples
Connectivism
Learning Styles
Music Teaching and Learning
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 15. Music and Health
Music Therapy
Alzheimer's Disease
Autism
Cerebral Palsy
Dyslexia
Parkinson's Disease and Stroke
Premature and Newborn Infants
Psychiatric Disorders
Music Medicine
Aphasia
Stress, Pain, Anxiety, and the Immune System
Performing Arts Medicine
Hearing HealthMM6.4
Vocal Health
Bodily Health
Psychosocial Health
Performance Anxiety
Other Mental Health Issues
Music and Wellbeing
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Chapter 16. Music in Social Contexts
Music in Society
From Birth to Death
From Lowest to Highest Cognitive Functioning
From One Person to Thousands
Reflections of Society in Music
Social Behaviors among Performing Musicians
Social Behaviors among Music Listeners
The Influence of Music on Social Behaviors
Music as a Socializing Agent
The Influence of Music in the Workplace
The Influence of Music on Thought, Attitude, and Social Behavior
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Epilogue: Ruminations on Music Psychology Research
R1. What is music psychology, and who conducts music psychology research?
R2. Interactions between philosophy and music psychology
R3. The triumvirate of theory, research and practice
R4. Basic and applied research
R5. Quantitative and qualitative research
R6. Formal and informal music experiences
R7. Global perspectives
R8. Toward a cultural music psychology
R9. Replications
R10. A music psychology research collaboratory
/
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in
Music Education offers global, comprehensive, and critical
perspectives on a wide range of conceptual and practical issues in
music education assessment, evaluation, and feedback as these apply
to various forms of music education within schools and communities.
The central aims of this Handbook focus on broadening and deepening
readers' understandings of and critical thinking about the
problems, opportunities, spaces and places, concepts, and practical
strategies that music educators and community music facilitators
employ, develop, and deploy to improve various aspects of music
teaching and learning around the world.
Why do some children take up music, while others dont? Why do some
excel, whilst others give up? Why do some children favour classical
music, whilst others prefer rock? These are questions that have
puzzled music educators, psychologists, and musicologists for many
years. Yet, they are incredibly difficult and complex questions to
answer. 'Music in our lives' takes an innovative approach to trying
to answer these questions. It is drawn from a research project that
spanned fourteen years, and closely followed the lives of over 150
children learning music - from their seventh to their twenty second
birthdays. This detailed longitudinal approach helped the authors
probe a number of important issues. For example, how do you define
musical skill and ability? Is it true, as many assume, that
continuous engagement in performance is the sole way in which those
skills can be developed? What are the consequences of trends and
behaviours observed amongst the general public, and their listening
consumption. After presenting an overview and detailed case study
explorations of musical lives, the book provides frameworks and
theory for further investigation and discussion. It tries to
present an holistic interpretation of these studies, and looks at
their implications for musical development and education.
Accessibly written by three leading researchers in the fields of
music education and music psychology, this book makes a powerful
contribution to understanding the dynamic and vital context of
music in our lives.
Child prodigies have been observed in a range of disciplines -
particularly music, mathematics, chess, and art. The question of
what makes a prodigy has long been controversial. Some have
dismissed the notion of giftedness, arguing that most famous
prodigies had strong parental, cultural, and environmental
influences that helped them develop their extraordinary abilities.
One recent theory suggested that anyone could achieve outstanding
success in whatever endeavour they wanted with a minimum of 10,000
hours of practice. Nevertheless, many studies of prodigies have
suggested that there might be strong underlying cognitive
differences, regarding their use of short-term versus long-term
memory, spatial memory, imagery, and language. Whatever the
arguments - for those interested in child development - prodigies
remain a fascinating subject of study when considering questions
about creativity, intelligence, development, and the impact of
nature versus nurture. This books breaks new ground in presenting
the first scientific exploration on the topic of musical prodigies.
It brings together research from a range of disciplines, including
psychology, neurobiology, and genetics, to provide a thorough
exploration of prodigious talent. In addition, the book includes
fascinating case studies of prodigies and also looks at their
long-term development into adulthood - many child prodigies have
had problems making the transition into adolescence and adulthood.
Musical prodigies will be required reading for anyone interested in
child development, music, and the arts
Music and Music Education in People's Lives is one of five
paperback books derived from the foundational two-volume Oxford
Handbook of Music Education. Designed for music teachers, students,
and scholars of music education, as well as educational
administrators and policy makers, this first book in the set
provides a framework for understanding the content and context of
music education, and for future action within the profession. A
broad examination of the philosophical, psychological, cultural,
international, and contextual issues that underpin a wide variety
of teaching environments or individual attributes is paired with 25
relevant and insightful commentaries from established scholars and
music educators. Taken as a whole, Music and Music Education in
People's Lives gives clear direction to how the discipline of music
education can achieve even greater political, theoretical and
professional strength. Contributors Harold F. Abeles, Nick Beach,
Wayne D. Bowman, Liora Bresler, Patricia Shehan Campbell, Richard
Colwell, Robert A. Cutietta, David J. Elliott, Sergio Figueiredo,
Lucy Green, Wilfried Gruhn, David Hargreaves, Sarah Hennessy, Liane
Hentschke, Donald A. Hodges, Christopher M. Johnson, Estelle R.
Jorgensen, Andreas C. Lehmann, Richard Letts, Hakan Lundstroem,
Raymond MacDonald, Clifford K. Madsen, Andrew J. Martin, Marie
McCarthy, Katrina McFerran, Gary E. McPherson, Bradley Merrick,
Dorothy Miell, Graca Mota, Bruno Nettl, Bengt Olsson, Susan A.
O'Neill, Johnmarshall Reeve, Bennett Reimer, James Renwick, Huib
Schippers, Wendy L. Sims, David J. Teachout, Rena Upitis, Peter R.
Webster, Graham F. Welch, Paul Woodford
The new edition of The Child as Musician: A Handbook of Musical
Development celebrates the richness and diversity of the many
different ways in which children can engage in and interact with
music. It presents theory - both cutting edge and classic - in an
accessible way for readers by surveying research concerned with the
development and acquisition of musical skills. The focus is on
musical development from conception to late adolescences, although
the bulk of the coverage concentrates on the period when children
are able to begin formal music instruction (from around age 3)
until the final year of formal schooling (around age 18). There are
many conceptions of how musical development might take place, just
as there are for other disciplines and areas of human potential.
Consequently, the publication highlights the diversity in current
literature dealing with how we think about and conceptualise
children's musical development. Each of the authors has searched
for a better and more effective way to explain in their own words
and according to their own perspective, the remarkable ways in
which children engage with music. In the field of educational
psychology there are a number of publications that survey the
issues surrounding child and adolescent development. Some of the
more innovative present research and theories, and their
educational implications, in a style that stresses the fundamental
interplay among the biological, environmental, social and cultural
influences at each stage of a child's development. Until now, no
similar overview has existed for child and adolescent development
in the field of music. The Child as Musician addresses this
imbalance, and is essential for those in the fields of child
development, music education, and music cognition.
Creativities, Media, and Technology in Music Learning and Teaching
is one of five paperback books derived from the foundational
two-volume Oxford Handbook of Music Education. Designed for music
teachers, students, and scholars of music education, as well as
educational administrators and policy makers, this fifth book in
the set comprises three complementary sections: musical creativity
as practice; music teaching and learning through technology; and
the interplay of media, music, and education. The first section
reviews notions of musical creativity, examining practice-based
perspectives to support and develop understanding of the diverse
types of creativity found within music education practice across
the globe. In the second section, authors explore the essential
role of technology in musical discourse and in various forms of
musical learning, even as technology continually evolves and the
needs and possibilities continue to rapidly change. The third
section provokes readers to assess their own thinking about the
transformative changes occurring within the discipline as a result
of advances in media, and the increasing infiltration of media into
all aspects of life, the classroom, and music making. Contributors
Andrew R. Brown, Pamela Burnard, Bernadette Colley, Ian Cross,
Rokus de Groot, Steven C. Dillon, Randi Margrethe Eidsaa, David G.
Hebert, Evangelos Himonides, Neryl Jeanneret, Ailbhe Kenny, Andrew
King, Eleni Lapidaki, Felicity Laurence, Samuel Leong, Bo Wah
Leung, Alagi Mbye, Gary E. McPherson, Ross Purves, Tal-Chen
Rabinowitch, S. Alex Ruthmann, Eva Saether, Jonathan Savage, Reza
Shayesteh, Petros Stagkos, Matthew D. Thibeault, Evan S. Tobias,
Carole Waugh, Graham F. Welch
Special Needs, Community Music, and Adult Learning is one of five
paperback books derived from the foundational two-volume Oxford
Handbook of Music Education. Designed for music teachers, students,
and scholars of music education, as well as educational
administrators and policy makers, this fourth book in the set
focuses on issues and topics that help to broaden conceptions of
music and musical involvement, while recognizing that development
occurs through many forms. The first section addresses music
education for those with special abilities and special needs;
authors explore many of the pertinent issues that can promote or
hinder learners who share characteristics, and delve deep into what
it means to be musical. The second section of the volume addresses
music as a shared, community experience, and the diverse and
constantly evolving international practice of community music. The
chapters in the third section provide evidence that the process of
music education exists as a lifelong continuum that encompasses
informal, formal, and non-formal methods alike. The authors
encourage music educators to think in terms of a music learning
society, where adult education is not peripheral to the priority of
other age groups, but is instead fully integral to a vision for the
good of society. By developing sound pedagogical approaches that
are tailored to take account of all learners, the volume endeavors
to move from making individual adaptations towards designing
sensitive 'universal' solutions. Contributors Carlos R. Abril, Mary
Adamek, Kenneth S. Aigen, Chelcy Bowles, Mary L. Cohen, William M.
Dabback, Alice-Ann Darrow, John Drummond, Cochavit Elefant, David
J. Elliott, Lee Higgins, Valentina Iadeluca, Judith A. Jellison,
Janet L. Jensen, Patrick M. Jones, Jody L. Kerchner, Thomas W.
Langston, Andreas C. Lehmann, Katrina McFerran, Gary E. McPherson,
David Myers, Adam Ockelford, Helen Phelan, Andrea Sangiorgio, Laya
H. Silber, Marissa Silverman, Rineke Smilde, David S. Smith, Kari
K. Veblen, Janice Waldron, Graham F. Welch
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