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The rapid growth of the world population - nearly six-fold over the
last hundred years - combined with the rising number of technical
installations especially in the industrialized countries has lead
to ever tighter and more strained living spaces on our planet.
Because ofthe inevitable processes oflife, man was at first an
exploiter rather than a careful preserver of the environment.
Environmental awareness with the intention to conserve the
environment has grown only in the last few decades. Environmental
standards have been defined and limit values have been set largely
guided, however, by scientific and medical data on single
exposures, while public opinion, on the other hand, now
increasingly calls for astronger consideration of the more complex
situations following combined exposures. Furthermore, it turned out
that environmental standards, while necessarily based on scientific
data, must also take into account ethical, legal, economic, and
sociological aspects. A task of such complexity can only be dealt
with appropriately in the framework of an inter disciplinary
group."
The setting of limit values for environmental noxae is essentially based on measurements and data from single exposures. To an increasing degree, however, there are demands also to consider combined exposures. Hence, in this study, the necessity and feasability of environmental standards for combined exposures have been examined from the scientific, medical, economic, legal, sociological and philosophical/ethical perspective. Starting from effect mechanisms, criteria have been established which, in spite of the complexity of the issues, enable us to set limit values in order to achieve given environmental quality targets. This study endeavours to reveal and explain gaps in knowledge and to point to possible solutions from the scientific and medical point of view. The results should support efforts to shape a practical legal framework and viable economic procedures for environmental standards on combined exposures, taking into consideration the standards and perceptions existing in our communities.
Scientists struggling with the pharmaco- and toxicodynamic
interactions of drugs and chemicals will find this book a valuable
reference to the relevant theoretical background of this complex
field and an indispensible guide to practical, analytical
procedures for evaluation of experimental data. A new,
straightforward mechanistically based analysis of observed
combination effects is backed up by numerous examples as well as by
computer-assisted plotting and curve fitting - using popular
graphical software systems. The reader thus can gain not only a
modern understanding of this complex area but proceed directly to
the evaluation of his own dose-response experiments with respect to
independent actions, and additive interactions, where appropriate.
The meanings of terms and acronyms in the literature, most of them
used in this book also, are elucidated by a comprehensive glossary.
This book represents a modern, theoretical and practical guide for
all scientists dealing with this controversial and complex area of
the action and interaction of drugs and chemicals.
The anthology discusses the formula of a "grand bargain" to
denuclearize the Korean peninsula. Scholars from the US, South
Korea, China, Russia and the former UK ambassador Everard review
recent historical developments and political objectives and
constraints of the DPRK regime. They also analyse the geopolitical
situation in Northeast Asia from the perspective of China, Russia
and South Korea. The book offers a multifaceted analysis of a
pressing policy issue. The proposal is to offer security guarantees
and substantial financial support for opening North Korea's economy
and taking verifiable steps towards denuclearization. Sanctions
would be a last resort in case North Korea fails to denuclearize.
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