Therapeutics, Treatment and care to combat disease or alleviate pain or injury. Its tools include drugs, surgery, radiation therapy, mechanical devices, diet, and psychiatry. Treatment may be active, to cure a disease (requiring no further treatment after recovery), treat it long-term, or heal a wound; symptomatic, to relieve symptoms until the immune system heals the body; supportive, to keep body functions going until the disease clears; or palliative, to minimize discomfort for patients with no chance of recovery. It almost always includes prevention, usually tertiary

Phytotherapy is the study of the use of extracts from natural origin as medicines or health-promoting agents. Traditional phytotherapy is often used as synonym for herbalism and regarded as "alternative medicine" by much of Western medicine. Modern phytotherapy when critically conducted, can be considered the scientific study on the effects and clinical use of herbal medicines.Medicinal plants have always been considered a healthy source of life for all people.Therapeutical properties of medical plants are very useful in healing various diseases and the advantage of these medicinal plants is being 100% natural. Nowadays people are being bombarded with thousand of unhealthy products, the level of sensibility in front of diseases is very high and that's why the use of medicinal plants can represent the best solution.

Skin cure from natural ingredients such as fruits, vegetables, herbs is catching a lot of attention due to its very nature of cure: simple, no side effects, no chemicals, inexpensive, plus the delight of being able to cure. The logic is to use the chemicals naturally present in the herbs, spices and other foods to tackle the offending outside elements in the body that is causing the pain or infection. Natural remedies can be used to efficiently treat a range of ailments through correct and regular usage, whether it is to boost the immune system, preventing avoiding hair loss, treating persistent acne or dandruff, treating aches, pains or cuts and burns. Read on to discover and explore the world of simple, natural cures. Well, it is just a little alertness and understanding that one need to make the best out of it.

Medicines is an ever changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. While many suggestions for drug usage are made herein, the book is intended for educational purpose only, and the author and publisher do not accept liability in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of information presented in this book. We do not claim that this information is necessarily accurate by the rigid, scientific standard applied for medical proof and therefore make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material herein contained. This book should be of great interest to the students and practitioners in any of the health science, to the manufecturers of botanical products and to the lay public.

Heart disease or cardiovascular disease are the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH C14), it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions usually have similar causes, mechanisms, and treatments.Most countries face high and increasing rates of cardiovascular disease. Each year, heart disease kills more Americans than cancer. In recent years, cardiovascular risk in women has been increasing and has killed more women than breast cancer. A large histological study (PDAY) showed vascular injury accumulates from adolescence, making primary prevention efforts necessary from childhood. By the time that heart problems are detected, the underlying cause (atherosclerosis) is usually quite advanced, having progressed for decades. There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise and avoidance of smoking.

Bioinformatics is the application of statistics andcomputer science to the field of molecularbiology.The term bioinformatics was coined by PaulienHogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1978 for the study ofinformatic processes in biotic systems. Its primaryuse since at least the late 1980s has been ingenomics and genetics, particularly in those areas ofgenomics involving large-scale DNAsequencing.Bioinformatics now entails the creationand advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques and theoryto solve formal and practical problems arising fromthe management and analysis of biological data. Overthe past few decades rapid developments in genomicand other molecular research technologies anddevelopments in information technologies havecombined to produce a tremendous amount ofinformation related to molecular biology. It is thename given to these mathematical and computingapproaches used to glean understanding of biologicalprocesses.Common activities in bioinformatics includemapping and analyzing DNA and protein sequences, aligning different DNA and protein sequences tocompare them and creating and viewing 3-D models ofprotein structure

Preface Important Aspects of this book All the sections are written according to standard books and recent medical journals. Medical students will be more able to solve the theory papers with the help of this comprehensive book. This publication will provoke a quick review of medicine for postgraduate students Nursing staff and students of homeopathic may also get valuable help from this book. A quick & comprehensive review book for Medical students House officers General Practioners Wish you all the best Dr.Ghazala Shaheen December, 22, 2010 Bahawalpur- Pakistan

For even the most successful series of textbook editions, there comes a time for an ending and a new beginning. This book is just such a new beginning. This text aims to communicate the clinical art and wisdom of psychiatry, tied firmly to the science of clinical disciplines. This text aims to be both scholarly and practical. It covers the most important topics in the format that is complete and efficient for the mental health professional in training or the clinician seeking an update. It differs from the other books in that it concentrates exclusively on aspects that students should know and understand, rather than including a lot of reference material. This has enabled us to keep its length down. Another feature has been to include many new illustrations to aid in grasping the diagnosis and management. Many patients use herbal or other alternative medicines and there is a new addition on this important topic.

Lasting knowledge comes from understanding and we have tried our best to make this book more understandable. Although mass of the book is limited, but new editions always have a tendency to grow up. Anyways, more illustrations have been added in this book. All the topics have been extensively re-viewed and then written. Some additions and a few subtractions have been made and all the knowledge is updated. So what you hold in your hands is a concentrated extract of knowledge from several text books. The hard work needed to improve a book and then getting it published was really too much but we sincerely hope that our efforts will make life easier for the students. We wish you all good luck. Tank you for your immense feed back and appreciation and we hope you will continue to help us with your remarks and suggestions.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals-that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish. It contains the majority of the nervous system and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Some classifications also include the retina and the cranial nerves in the CNS. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity. In vertebrates, the brain is protected by the skull, while the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae, and both are enclosed in the meninges.