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Measurements of individual benefits of different health and medical
interventions are fundamental for prioritizing among different
alternative uses of resources in the healthcare sector. While
psychometric measures do not necessarily provide information
sufficient for assigning relative values to different health
states, preference-based approaches produce measures that allow
comparisons of such values. In this volume of the series of
Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, entitled
Preference Measurement in Health, the papers cover altruism within
families, differences in risk attitudes, and estimation of health
benefits of food safety. Specific topics include efficiency and
altruism, comparison of mother and daughter values of HPV
vaccination for daughters, differences in risk attitudes between
women and men, how context matters in valuing food safety programs,
and valuation of health risks associated with pesticide use.
Decisions twenty years ago during the fIrst generation of modern
traffIc safety policymaking were easier than today. Afterall, the
mandate for specifIc mandatory motor vehicle safety standards was
dermed rather clearly during legislative hearings. Since the
initial standards, decisions have been based on the more general
guidelines of "practicality" and avoiding "unreasonable risks. "
Now, with more diffIcult decisions pending, the demand for analysis
is greater. My purpose in writing this book is to promote second
generation policymaking in traffic safety. The dominant theme is
that an "individual net benefIt approach" is useful in the design,
evaluation and improvement of traffic safety policy. Hopefully,
this book provides some guidance for today's tougher decisions.
Evaluative review of modern traffic safety policy, especially
automobile safety standards, yields several results. The
technological approach, the basis for the 1966 legislation, is
shown to produce mistakes. Benefits are overestimated and
endangerment of nonoccupants is ignored. The risk homeostatic
approach, the devil's idea to some in the safety community, is
shown to be a limiting case of the more general individual net
benefIt approach. Rationality and competency in travelers' safety
decisions are reviewed in a broad context. Evidence beyond the
realm of behavioral ix x The Regulation of Motor Vehicle and
Traffic Safety psychology indicates considerable, albeit imperfect,
competency in traffic safety decisions. Conventional benefit-cost
analysis is critiqued. Existing studies of passive restraints are
shown to overestimate net benefits because travelers' responses and
costs are ignored.
Decisions twenty years ago during the fIrst generation of modern
traffIc safety policymaking were easier than today. Afterall, the
mandate for specifIc mandatory motor vehicle safety standards was
dermed rather clearly during legislative hearings. Since the
initial standards, decisions have been based on the more general
guidelines of "practicality" and avoiding "unreasonable risks. "
Now, with more diffIcult decisions pending, the demand for analysis
is greater. My purpose in writing this book is to promote second
generation policymaking in traffic safety. The dominant theme is
that an "individual net benefIt approach" is useful in the design,
evaluation and improvement of traffic safety policy. Hopefully,
this book provides some guidance for today's tougher decisions.
Evaluative review of modern traffic safety policy, especially
automobile safety standards, yields several results. The
technological approach, the basis for the 1966 legislation, is
shown to produce mistakes. Benefits are overestimated and
endangerment of nonoccupants is ignored. The risk homeostatic
approach, the devil's idea to some in the safety community, is
shown to be a limiting case of the more general individual net
benefIt approach. Rationality and competency in travelers' safety
decisions are reviewed in a broad context. Evidence beyond the
realm of behavioral ix x The Regulation of Motor Vehicle and
Traffic Safety psychology indicates considerable, albeit imperfect,
competency in traffic safety decisions. Conventional benefit-cost
analysis is critiqued. Existing studies of passive restraints are
shown to overestimate net benefits because travelers' responses and
costs are ignored.
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