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It is the aim of the present study to introduce the reader to the
ways of thinking of those contemporary philosophers who apply the
tools of symbolic logic to classical philosophical problems. Unlike
the "conti nental" reader for whom this work was originally
written, the English speaking reader will be more familiar with
most of the philosophers dis cussed in this book, and he will in
general not be tempted to dismiss them indiscriminately as
"positivists" and "nominalists." But the English version of this
study may help to redress the balance in another respect. In view
of the present emphasis on ordinary language and the wide spread
tendency to leave the mathematical logicians alone with their
technicalities, it seems not without merit to revive the interest
in formal ontology and the construction of formal systems. A closer
look at the historical account which will be given here, may
convince the reader that there are several points in the historical
develop ment whose consequences have not yet been fully assessed: I
mention, e. g., the shift from the traditional three-level
semantics of sense and deno tation to the contemporary two-level
semantics of representation; the relation of extensional structure
and intensional content in the extensional systems of Wittgenstein
and Carnap; the confusing changes in labelling the different kinds
of analytic and apriori true sentences; etc. Among the
philosophically interesting tools of symbolic logic Lesniewski's
calculus of names deserves special attention."
It is the aim of the present study to introduce the reader to the
ways of thinking of those contemporary philosophers who apply the
tools of symbolic logic to classical philosophical problems. Unlike
the "conti nental" reader for whom this work was originally
written, the English speaking reader will be more familiar with
most of the philosophers dis cussed in this book, and he will in
general not be tempted to dismiss them indiscriminately as
"positivists" and "nominalists." But the English version of this
study may help to redress the balance in another respect. In view
of the present emphasis on ordinary language and the wide spread
tendency to leave the mathematical logicians alone with their
technicalities, it seems not without merit to revive the interest
in formal ontology and the construction of formal systems. A closer
look at the historical account which will be given here, may
convince the reader that there are several points in the historical
develop ment whose consequences have not yet been fully assessed: I
mention, e. g., the shift from the traditional three-level
semantics of sense and deno tation to the contemporary two-level
semantics of representation; the relation of extensional structure
and intensional content in the extensional systems of Wittgenstein
and Carnap; the confusing changes in labelling the different kinds
of analytic and apriori true sentences; etc. Among the
philosophically interesting tools of symbolic logic Lesniewski's
calculus of names deserves special attention."
a) Das sprachlich-Iogische Interesse der Gegenwartsphilosophie Wer
die zeitgenossische philosophische Diskussion verfolgt, dem muB
sogleich auffallen, wie sehr heute in vielen Kreisen der Zugang zu
allen Problemen yom SprachIichen und Logischen her gesucht wird,
wie der Gebrauch von Wortern und Zeichen, wie die fiir deren
Systeme geltenden Gesetze ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit geruckt
sind. EinfluBreiche philosophische Bucher tragen Titel wie:
"Logisch-philosophische Ab- handlung", "Der logische Aufbau der
Welt", "Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formaIisierten Sprachen",
"Ethik und Sprache"l, um nur einige besonders wichtige und
charakteristische Werke aus der Fulle der vor- handenen
herauszugreifen. 1m Zusammenhang damit ist ein hoch- entwickeltes
technisches Niveau der Terminologie erreicht worden, und Ergebnisse
von groBer philosophischer Tragweite sind zu verzeichnen; vor allem
die neuen Einsichten in die Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der
FormaIisierung sind von kaum zu uberschatzender Wichtigkeit2.
Besonders symptomatisch fur das Anwachsen des dem Sprachlichen und
Logischen bezeugten Interesses ist die seit der Jahrhundertwende an
verschiedenen Orten neu einsetzende Ausarbeitung einer ganz all-
gemeinen Theorie der Zeichen. Denker wie C. S. PEmcE, E. HUSSERL
nnd F. DE SAUSSURE, welchc voneinander weitgehendst unabhangigen
Traditionen angehoren, stehen am Ausgangspunkt dieser Entwicklung.
Da die einzelnen Linien dieser Entwicklung bisher noch kaum neben-
einander gesetzt worden sind, diirfte ein Versuch, sie kurz zu
skizzieren, erwiinscht sein: In den Vereinigten Staaten ist es der
mathematische Logiker C. S. PEIRCE (1839-1914), der eine allgemeine
Zeichentheorie ("semiotic") begriindete und ihr die Untersuchung
der sprachlichen Zeichen unterordnete.
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