Since 1945, mercenaries have earned an especially bad name for themselves in the Third World. From Colombia to the Congo, Angola to Papua New Guinea they have followed their dubious calling, hiring themselves out for blood money, training the war bands of drug barons, or assisting civil wars. They have gained a reputation for greed, racialism and brutality. Now, a phenomenon is emerging in the form of independent corporations with names such as "Executive Outcomes" or "Sandline" offering to sell every kind of military expertise and threatening to become powers in their own right. This book looks at the subject.

Mercenaries have been employed as auxiliaries since early times, but in the post-1945 world they have operated, almost exclusively, in weak Third World countries. From Columbia to the Congo, Angola to Papua New Guinea, Cambodia to Nicaragua, they have appeared: training the drug cartel armies, assisting rebellions or civil wars, acting as the agents of the major powers. In the Congo crisis (1960-1965) they earned an especially unsavory reputation for greed, brutality and racism; it is a reputation that has stuck to the mercenary and on the whole justly. During the 1990s a new phenomenon has emerged in the form of the mercenary corporations such as Executive Outcomes or Sandline. These corporations offer a range of military expertise and weaponry, have the covert support of governments in the countries from which they come and are rapidly becoming a power to themselves, ultimately far more dangerous than the individual freebooters of the past.

Examines the abuse of drugs in the West and the scope and value of the illegal drugs business, and the failure of the drug enforcement programmes either to curtail the supply of drugs or to persuade users to abandon their habit.

For a relatively short war, the Crimean War holds an important place in history. Finally, a resource that provides a historical overview of the war from a number of different angles including, the causes, the motivations, the course, and the consequences. The A to Z of the Crimean War fully explores the main engagements, the principal political figures and rulers, the military leaders and naval commanders, and the events leading up to the conflict. This Dictionary is an excellent window into the political, national, and military intrigue that surrounded one of the most costly campaigns of all time. Includes a chronology, maps, and a comprehensive bibliography full of primary sources, as well as classic sources and histories that will allow researchers to trace the changing perception of the war through history.

Drugs have been used in many ways since antiquity - for relaxation, as aphrodisiacs, for medical purposes, as stimulants and for pain relief. In this book the author examines the abuse of drugs in the West and the social problems that arise from their use; the value of the illegal drugs business which is now one of the four largest money-earners in the world; the involvement of governments (openly or covertly) in this lucrative trade; and the failure of drug enforcement programs either to curtail the supply of drugs or to persuade users to abandon their habit. Particular chapters examine the major sources of drugs - cocaine from South America; heroin from the Golden Triangle and the Golden Crescent in Asia; the constantly changing routes used for the distribution of drugs; the growth of African involvement in drug trafficking; the role of Europe as both a major drug consuming region and source of drugs in the ecstasy group; the problem of money-laundering. Finally, the author examines the impact, success or failure of anti-drug programs and looks at alternative ways of dealing with the problem.

This guide is intended to show how inter-African relations work. There are many continental institutions that between them create a framework within which African states can solve their problems and assist one another with regional economic development, peacekeeping, or political cooperation. The guide provides an historical setting for the institutions that are examined and also gives examples of how they operate in practice.

"World Strategic Highways" provides a detailed examination of approximately 50 of the most important "strategic highways" in the world. These highways may take the form of roads, railways, rivers and canals, or air and sea routes. They have one thing in common: they are of special significance because, throughout history, they have acted as major trade routes for a number of countries; have military or strategic significance; act to bind a country or countries together; or, in the case of rivers, act as boundaries between two or more countries. They include the Suez and Panama canals, the Rhine and Amazon rivers, the Trans-US Railway, the Khyber Pass and Maputo Corridor, the Silk Road, the Cape sea route and the Pacific sea route. Location maps are provided throughout the book.

We are witnessing the new age of empowered customers, armed with online reviews, five-star ratings and social media, never has it been more important to manage your reputation and referrals.This book is for anyone who wants to systematically build their reputation and increase their referral sales whilst delivering a consistent and continually improving customer experience. Put together in a simple, clear, no nonsense way, with step by step instructions on what to do along the journey. The information is based on over 10 years coaching, advisory and training experience in the area of feedback, customer experience and referrals, and all the advice is underpinned by real life experience and examples ...and continued doses of common sense!

"The Resources of the Third World" provides a comprehensive survey of those countries that are considered to belong to the Third World or "less developed countries," those that the World Bank classifies as low- or middle-income economies. The book analyzes the contribution that possession of resources makes to economic development. Guy Arnold defines "resources" in broad terms--not only the traditionally analyzed resources of agricultural and mineral wealth but also the less well studied resources of infrastructure and, especially, population, and the talents, education, and training of that population. In Part I, Overview, Arnold examines these resources and defines the relationship between the advanced economies of the North and the developing economies of the South. In Part II, Country Surveys, he provides individual analysis of some 144 countries of the South in an effort to define their potential and probable development during the first few decades of the 21st century.
" The Resources of the Third World" will be an essential text for any researcher, librarian, or student with an interest in Third World studies.

George Borrow - brilliant linguist, expert on gypsy culture and author of "Wild Wales" (1862) - remains an enigmatic character whose fiction and travel writing mix autobiography and invention. From 1835 to 1840, he worked as an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, attempting to distribute Protestant Testaments in fiercely Catholic Spain. The outcome of this controversial and risky enterprise is - though not the one that his employers expected - as "The Bible in Spain", an account of his wanderings published in 1843. The book, a classic of travel and observation, has been in print ever since. A century and a half later, Borrow enthusiast Guy Arnold followed in the footsteps of the restless and eccentric Bible salesman, tracing his route through Spain and Portugal. Visiting the same places, staying where possible in the same inns, and taking the same roads, Arnold explored the varied landscapes and cities of the Iberian Peninsula in a journey that took him through Madrid, Lisbon, Toledo, Seville, Cadiz, Salamanca and Segovia as well as many small towns and villages. Braving blisters, angry dogs and over-inquisitive hoteliers, Arnold walked over a thousand kilometres, taking buses and trains where Borrow had used horses, mules and carriages. In the course of his journey, he looked at cathedrals and churches, palaces and convents, castles and ruins. He also encountered a broad cross section of humanity, Spanish and foreign, on the long road. "In the Footsteps of George Borrow" brings to life the scenery and culture of Spain as well as the complex personality of the man who described it in the 1830s. In the course of his travels, Guy Arnold considers Borrow's ambiguous religious beliefs, his avowed taste for the social lowlife and his mysterious liaison with a widow from Norfolk. He also compares modern Spain with that of Borrow's time and finds - civil war and brigandage apart - that much remains surprisingly the same.

Foreign aid, whose growth coincided with the years of the Cold War, is now an accepted part of international relations. This dictionary documents every aspect and phase of aid: the power and influence of the World Bank and IMF; the impact of OPEC; individual government departments responsible for aid; regional and political organizations; the United Nations; and the role of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). In his wide-ranging introduction, Arnold illustrates the development of foreign aid as a policy tool beginning with the U.S. Marshall Plan and the subsequent development, with the Colombo Plan of 1950, of a new principle in international relations: that the rich, developed countries had a duty and a self-interest in providing economic assistance for poor, less developed countries. Includes bibliography and chronology.

Constant migration is a worldwide phenomenon that creates sharp divisions between those who accept the need for migrants and welcome the contributions they make and those who oppose them on xenophobic grounds. Guy Arnold provides a comprehensive survey of the consequences of migration. Arnold studies both the massive internal migrations in China and India that drive economic development and the influx of cheap labor into the advanced economies of the USA and EU. He shows that migrants are essential to advanced countries, filling skills gaps and to bolstering aging and static populations. He argues that the constant flow of people in all directions should be welcomed as a positive assault upon outdated, narrow nationalism. Packed with statistics that support the argument that migration is a force for positive change, Arnold's analysis will be an excellent resource for journalists, policy makers and students of sociology, human geography and anthropology.

A magisterial and sweeping history of modern Africa. The end of the Second World War signalled the rapid end of the European African empires. In 1945, only four African countries were independent; by 1963, thirty African states created the Organization of African Unity. Despite formidable problems, the 1960s were a time of optimism as Africans enjoyed their new independence, witnessed increases in prosperity and prepared to tackle their political and economic problems in their own way. By the 1990s, however, the high hopes of the 1960s had been dashed. Dictatorship by strongmen, corruption, civil wars and genocide, widespread poverty and the interventions and manipulations of the major powers had all relegated Africa to the position of an aid 'basket case', with some of the world's poorest and least-developed nations. By exploring developments over the last fifteen years, including the impact of China, new IT technology and the Arab Spring, the rise of Nigeria as Africa's leading country and the recent refugee crisis, Guy Arnold brings his landmark history of modern Africa up to date and provides a fresh and insightful perspective on this troubled and misunderstood continent.

Britain's political and military elite has for decades nurtured the idea that enduring ties bind the interests of London and Washington, in good times and bad. Irrespective of the end of the Cold War, the 9/11 attacks and the economic rise of the East, these links are allegedly impregnable. But how accurate a picture is this? Are the British engaged in a monumental act of self-delusion? Guy Arnold investigates the 'American disease' at the heart of Whitehall, which, he argues, has tied British policies too closely to those of Washington. The 'special relationship' became a Foreign Office priority and gave Britain the illusion of power it no longer enjoyed. As Churchill put it acidly, 'the British and the Americans were stuck with each other - a junior partner and a senior partner respectively'. For the Americans it provided a way of keeping Britain 'on side' but in return Washington accelerated Britain's imperial decline. The Americans always saw Britain in Europe as a Trojan Horse to safeguard their interests and as a military outpost for their global ambitions. They derided or ignored the 'special relationship', even in their dealings with Thatcher and Blair, and latterly the Foreign Office has failed to convince President Obama of its unique importance.

With nuclear stalemate holding the superpowers in check during the Cold War, violence proliferated in the Third World. Sometimes this took the form of colonial liberation wars as the old European empires disintegrated after the Second World War (Algeria 1954-1962 or Kenya 1952-1959); sometimes the violence was between Third World countries such as the Iran-Iraq War, and sometimes it involved the major powers directly: the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Certain regions - Central America, Southern Africa, the Horn of Africa or the Middle East - have been in more or less perpetual turmoil for thirty years and more. But whatever form the violence has taken -protracted guerrilla activity against the central government or short, sharp border war - the big powers have always been involved. They have provided arms to one or both sides, they have supported their ideological proteges and, more generally, have manipulated such wars to their own advantage. This book examines five broad categories of war: colonial liberation wars, big power intervention wars, wars between Third World countries, the special area of Israel and its neighbours, and civil wars.

What is it that allowed countries as diverse as Brazil and India, Kuwait and Grenada, Nigeria and Fiji to be labelled as Third World? Generously illustrated with maps, charts and tables, The Third World Handbook encapsulates in one volume the chief developments, achievements, problems and attitudes which between them have produced what we call the Third World up until the early 1990s. The book further covers topics such as the end of the European-ruled empires; the role of the United Nations; the Non-Aligned Movement; the development of aid agencies, the advent of OPEC and the growth of oil power; and population, resources and exploitation.

Ever since the end of World War II, and even more so since 1960, when 17 African colonies became independent of colonial rule, the African continent has been ravaged by a series of wars. These wars have ranged from liberation struggles against former colonial powers to power struggles between different factions in the aftermath of independence. They have ranged from border wars between newly independent states to civil wars between ethnic groups. As with many conflicts, outside forces were drawn into these wars, and major powers outside the continent intervened on one side or the other for a variety of reasons: political ideology, Cold War considerations, ethnic alignments, and stemming the flow of violence. Whether referring to Algeria's struggle for independence from French colonial rule, Nigeria's internal struggles to achieve a balanced state after the British departure, the Rwandan genocide of 1994, or the current ethnic cleansing in Darfur, The A to Z of Civil Wars in Africa covers all of the wars that have occurred in Africa since independence. This is done through a chronology broken down by country, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and cross-referenced dictionary entries covering the wars, conflicts, major political and military figures, child soldiers, mercenaries, and blood diamonds.