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The patriarch of experimental pancreas research is REIGNIER DE
GRAAF (1641-1673). He carried out the first experiments with dogs
in order to ob tain fistular secretion (1664). But only few years
later, the just arisen interest in the physiology of the pancreas
was severely set back by remarks of CONRAD BRUNNER. In 1682,
BRUNNER expressed his belief that on the basis of experi ments he
had carried out the pancreas was a vitally unimportant organ. He
overlooked that after ligation of the main duct (discovered in the
turkey by HOFMAN in 1641 and in a human cadaver by WIRSUNG in
1642), in the dog an accessory duct (described by SANTORINI in
1724) usually maintains an adequate flow of secretion. EBERLE in
his monograph (1834) confirmed the emulsifying capacity of the
pancreatic juice which had already been suggested by SYLVIUS (FRAN
CISCUS DE LE BOE, 1614-1672) and he dealt with the essential
enzymatic functions of the pancreatic juice such as amylolysis,
lipolysis and proteolysis. Since HEIDENHAIN (1875), we know that
for example trypsin (largely isolated by KUHNE in 1867) is situated
in the acinar epithelial cells as zymogen in inactive form; it is
thought that the action of "acid" on the glandular tissue is needed
for inducing the "enzymatic activity." According to what we know
now about the central role of acidosis in the activation of zymogen
this topic is, of course, of topical interest."
This second volume reports on the reaction patterns of lymph nodes
in neoplastic and immunodeficient diseases. Based on the contents
of volume 1, it presents a detailed survey of lymph node structures
and their cellular components under these conditions. The patterns
of nodal reactions to the development and spread of cancer have
recently been investigated and discussed by several authors. Here,
the immediate interactions between tumor tissue and the regional
nodes have been assessed in experimental models and in human
material. Using modern morphological methods such as im
munohistochemistry on the light and electron microscopic level, new
insights have been gained into the stepwise process of lymphogenous
metastasis. Macrophages/reticulum cells were found to playa signifi
cant role in this process, which is duly emphasized. Based on appro
priate animal models, one chapter focuses on various subtypes of
these cellular elements and their role in the two separate phases
of tumor spread and the development of true metastases. The
induction of fibronectin in lymph nodes is effected by tumor cells
forming a special part of the extracellular matrix. The
multifunctional fibronec tin molecule serves as a mediator between
tumor cells and fibroblasts, furthering the formation of tumor
stroma. This volume also contains a comprehensive survey of primary
im munodeficiency syndromes and their nodal manifestations,
reference being made to the most recent immunological knowledge."
Beim vorliegenden Band "Immunreaktionen" ging es in erster Linie
darum, einen Fortschrittsbericht zusammenzustellen, in dem
Forscherpersonlichkeiten aus dem englischen und deutschen
Sprachbereich die neuesten Ergebnisse auf ihrem Arbeitsgebiet
schildern und diskutieren. Es werden in diesem Erganzungs- band
somit Themen behandelt, die in den Banden "Entzundung und
Immunitat" (1956) und "Oberempfindlichkeit und Immunitat" (1967)
bereits besprochen sind. Besonders berucksichtigt wurden jene
Forschungsgebiete, die wertvolle Erweite- rungen erfahren haben,
verlangt doch del' rasante Fortschritt in del' Forschung nach
Darstellung neuer wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in
zusammenfassender Form. Dabei wurde Wert auf personliche
MeinungsauBerung gelegt, auch dort, wo unkonventionelle
Auffassungen vertreten werden. DcI' erste Beitrag von B. Roos,
Pretoria und Bern, gibt AufschluB uber die Makrophagen in bezug auf
Herkunft, Entwicklung und Funktion. Del' Autor befaf3t Hich mit
del' Phylogenese phagocytierender Zellsysteme und beleuchtet die
OntogeneHe der Makrophageh. Besondere Abschnitte widmet er den
Eigen- Hchaften del' Makrophagen und den biochemischen V organgen
und strukturellen Veranderungen wahrend der Phagocytose und
Pinoeytose sowie den Funktionen del' Makrophagen und ihl'er
Beeinflussung dureh endogene und exogene Faktoren. Die Arbeit
basiert auf neuen Forschungsergebnissen; es handelt sich also um
einen Fortschrittsbericht, wobei darauf geachtet wurde, daB
Oberschneidungen mit den groBen Obersichtsarbeiten von LETTERER
(1956, 1967) vermieden wurden.
Close cooperation between those involved in clinical treatment and
pathology is imperative in head and neck surgery, as in all
surgical fields. The degree of cooperation depends, on the one
hand, on the knowledge that the head and neck surgeon has about the
possibilities and limits that confront the pathologist, and on the
other hand, on the knowledge that the pathologist has about the
special problems of head and neck pathology and their management by
the surgeon. Within the last 15 years, the knowledge of larynx
growths and their treatment has changed rapidly. Parallel to this
increase in knowledge, the technical possibilities in
histopathology have also increased. For this reason, the authors of
this volume present an up-to-date view of the whole scope of the
pathology and clinical treatment of larynx tumours.
In 1967 cardiologists in Switzerland were struck by the sudden
increase in the number of cases of so-called primary pulmonary
hypertensive disease (PPHD). Up untill966, the cardiology centers
in Switzerland had not seen more than one or two cases a year, but
this number suddenly multiplied by ten or twenty times. At the June
1968 meeting ofthe Swiss Society of Cardiology, Gurtner et al.
(1968b) presented a paper which raised the question whether the
vascular types of cor pulmonale had increased. They also raised the
question about the possible responsibility of environmental
factors, such as toxins or drugs, in causing this increase.
Krrihenbuhl et al. (1968) first suggested the possible
responsibility of anorexigenic drugs, but no proof was provided.
Soon after this, the cardiology team in Bem (Gurtner et al., 1968a)
published their report, which resumed and completed the
above-mentioned prelim inary communication; 31 cases of PPHD, among
which 17 had taken an anorexigenic drug, aminorex fumarate
(Menocil, Cilag), were reported. The importance of this work was
soon recognized and it was followed by several meetings (in Vienna,
Hannover, and Burgenstock) and two round tables sponsored by the
Swiss Society of Cardiology (in Montreux and Basel)."
Toxoplasmosis is a ubiquitous infection, contracted by at least a
third of the population in most areas of the globe. Clinical
disease arises rarely, usually unexpectedly, but sometimes with
disastrous effects on the patient. Humans, pets, farm and zoo
animals may contract toxoplasmosis, possibly involving any clinical
laboratory in its diagnosis. Pathologists must ponder the clinical
significance of a hyperplastic l. ymph node, a cyst found at
autopsy, or a serologic titer. Serving as scientific physicians,
pathologists are asked: How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed? 'What is
the treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis, for congenital infection,
or for toxoplasmosis in the immunologically compromised host? vVhy
does disease develop in as diverse areas as the eye, lymph nodes
and placenta? How is Toxoplasma transmitted? This review proposes
to survey recent advances, providing a scientific background to
diagnose and manage the clinical problems of toxoplasmosis. Reviews
are available which emphasize other aspects, such as serologic pro
cedures, resistance and immunity (REMINGTON, 1970), the clinical
syndromes (DESMONTS, '1969; FELDMAN, 1968) and comprehensive
presentations (JACOBS, 1967; FRENI{EL, '1970). Transmission and
Prevalence The recent discovery of the coccidian stages of
Toxoplasma in the cat intestine and the Toxoplasma oocyst excreted
in cat feces, considerably broadens our understanding of Toxoplasma
and its transmission (FRENKEL, DUBEY and MILLER, 1970)."
Die Orthologie und Pathologie des Wachstums und der Differenzierung
waren schon Gegenstand des 1955 erschienenen Bandes VI!I dieses
Handbuches. Seine von Biologen und Pathologen verfassten Kapitel
stutzten sieh auf die Ergebnisse der klassischen Morphologie. Die
morphologischen Probleme des Wachstums standen dabei ganz im
Mittelpunkt. Mit der systematischen Anwendung biochemischer
Methoden, der Histo- autoradiographie zur Markierung der
Reduplikationsphase der DNS sowie der RNS- und Protein-Synthese,
der Cytophotometrie zur quantitativen Messung der Nueleinsauren und
schliesslich der elektronenmikroskopischen Cytologie standen in der
Erforschung der Orthologie und Pathologie des Wachstums seit einem
.Jahrzehnt Methoden von vorher ungeahnter Aussagekraft zur
Velfugung. So wird jeder, der sich in den vorliegenden Band
vertieft, feststellen, dass der Einsatz dieser Methoden zu einer
sturmischen Entfaltung der Erforschung von Wachstum und
Differenzierung gefuhrt hat. In der Konfrontierung dieses Bandes
mit dem 1955 erschienenen wird er zugleich voller Respekt erkennen,
wievieles schon in der klassischen Biologie und Pathologie zu
diesem Thema grundgelegt war und bis heute fortwirkt. Im ersten
Beitrag des vorliegenden Bandes vermittelt R. SCH1NDLER-Bern einen
UEberblick uber die Biochemie der Regeneration. Er berichtet uber
Struktur und Synthese der DNS, deren Stoerungen durch chemische
Faktoren und strahlende Energie, eroertert die RNS-Synthese sowie
die Synthese der Proteine und ihre Stoerungen. Ausfuhrlich stellt
er dann die Regulation und den Ablauf der biochemischen Vorgange
wahrend der Regenerationsprozesse am Beispiel der
Oberflachenepithelien, der Zellkulturen und bei der
Leberregeneration dar und behandelt schliesslich die Frage nach den
Proliferations-ausloesenden bio- chemischen Faktoren.
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