Experimental Methods in Embodied Cognition presents a timely introduction to methodologies of cognitive science from a theoretical perspective. Embodied approaches to cognition are becoming increasingly prevalent in teaching and research globally, but until now a comprehensive book combining theoretical principles and practical methods for embodied cognition has been missing. Embracing this theoretical principle, the book introduces and compares different psychological methods from theoretical, technical, and methodological points of view. Informed by the direct experiences of a specialised group of authors, the text also offers a taxonomy of methods, including technical hands-on descriptions to support student learning. Each chapter includes suggestions for their use, enabling readers to compare methodologies and to find the most suitable approach for their specific research questions. Finally, the book also addresses the effects of different cultural immersions and learning experiences, offering an overview of other, non-psychological approaches to embodied cognition research, including comparative research with animals and humanoid robots. This is an essential read for students and researchers of embodied cognition across various fields, ranging from psychology and cognitive neuroscience to philosophy, linguistics, economics, and sport science.

Experimental Methods in Embodied Cognition presents a timely introduction to methodologies of cognitive science from a theoretical perspective. Embodied approaches to cognition are becoming increasingly prevalent in teaching and research globally, but until now a comprehensive book combining theoretical principles and practical methods for embodied cognition has been missing. Embracing this theoretical principle, the book introduces and compares different psychological methods from theoretical, technical, and methodological points of view. Informed by the direct experiences of a specialised group of authors, the text also offers a taxonomy of methods, including technical hands-on descriptions to support student learning. Each chapter includes suggestions for their use, enabling readers to compare methodologies and to find the most suitable approach for their specific research questions. Finally, the book also addresses the effects of different cultural immersions and learning experiences, offering an overview of other, non-psychological approaches to embodied cognition research, including comparative research with animals and humanoid robots. This is an essential read for students and researchers of embodied cognition across various fields, ranging from psychology and cognitive neuroscience to philosophy, linguistics, economics, and sport science.

Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside, ' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal setting. At all these levels, emotion is influenced by social factors and has an impact on the way social life proceeds. For example, there are no direct equivalents in many cultures for some of the particular forms of emotion experienced in Western societies, suggesting that not all aspects of emotion are universal or biologically determined. Further, our various social identifications and allegiances partly determine what is emotionally relevant in a situation and how we respond to ingroup and outgroup members' emotions. Finally, emotions are usually occasioned by things that other people say, do, or have done to them, and often change the way interaction with those others proceeds. The book provides a critical review of existing theory and research on these topics from a social psychological perspective, and develops its own distinctive approach by recontextualizing emotion in an integrated cultural, organizational and relational world.

Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book explores the emerging topics and rapid technological developments of robotics and artificial intelligence through the lens of the evolving role of sex robots, and how they should best be designed to serve human needs. An international panel of authors provides the most up-to-date, evidence-based empirical research on the potential sexual applications of artificial intelligence. Early chapters discuss the objections to sexual activity with robots while also providing a counterargument to each objection. Subsequent chapters present the implications of robot sex as well as the security and data privacy issues associated with sexual interactions with artificial intelligence. The book concludes with a chapter highlighting the importance of a scientific, multidisciplinary approach to the study of human - robot sexuality. Topics featured in this book include: The Sexual Interaction Illusion Model. The personal companion system, Harmony, designed by Realbotix (TM). An exposition of the challenges of personal data control and protection when dealing with artificial intelligence. The current and future technological possibilities of projecting three-dimensional holograms. Expert discussion notes from an international workshop on the topic. AI Love You will be of interest to academic researchers in psychology, robotics, ethics, medical science, sociology, gender studies as well as clinicians, policy makers, and the business sector.

States without former colonies, it has been argued, were intensely involved in colonial practices. This anthology looks at Switzerland, which, by its very strong economic involvements with colonialism, its doctrine of neutrality, and its transnationally entangled scientific community, constitutes a perfect case in point.

States without former colonies, it has been argued, were intensely involved in colonial practices. This anthology looks at Switzerland, which, by its very strong economic involvements with colonialism, its doctrine of neutrality, and its transnationally entangled scientific community, constitutes a perfect case in point.

This volume contains reviews which are based on a symposium, given th at the 30 meeting of The Phytochemical Society of North America, held at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada on August 11-15, 1990. During the past two decades, there have been major new developments in methods which can be applied toward the isolation, separation and structure determination of complex natural products. Therefore, the topic of this symposium, "Modem Phytochemical Methods," is a very timely one. The organizers of the symposium recognized that it would not be possible to cover in detail all new advances in phytochemical methodology. It was therefore decided to emphasize general reviews on recent developments of major separation techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography as well as supercritical fluid chromato graphy. In addition, advances in commonly used structure determination methods, mainly NMR and MS, are reviewed. Other topics include methodo logies of micro-sampling for isolation and analysis of trichome constituents as well as recent breakthroughs on biosynthetic studies of monoterpenes using "enriched" basal cells of trichomes. The volume concludes with a review of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of biologically active natural products. In Chapter I, K. Hostettmann and his colleagues give a general review of recent developments in the separation of natural products with major emphasis on preparative separations of biologically active plant constituents. The authors present a comparison of droplet countercurrent chromatography (OCCC) with the highly rapid and more versatile centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC)."

HERBERT FISCHER Max-Planck-Institut fur Immunbiologie, Freiburg-Zahringen With 3 Figures Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the organizers of the 22nd Mosbach Colloquium, Msrs. HOLZL-WALLACH, STOFFEL, WIEGANDT and myself, I bid you all a hearty welcome. We thank you all for coming and naturally feel particular appreciation for the presence of the invited speakers. But, thanks to the tradition that the Mosbach Colloquia have enjoyed for 22 years we did not need to work very hard, since most of our invitations were accepted without hesitation. Perhaps some of you will wonder why Mosbach and its tradi tion means so much, especially to the older ones amongst us. In any event, at a time when we were much hungrier and thirstier than we are today, Mosbach became a unique place where we could satisfy our spiritual as well as our physical hunger. It was here where we could find the friendly and peaceful atmosphere which helped us to establish contacts with colleagues from foreign coun tries and from distant scientific fields, which often led to lasting communication and cooperation. The initiator of these Colloquia, my teacher Kurt Felix, im parted to these gatherings a pioneer spirit which is more needed today than in the past, particularly because we are now 500 rather than 50 to 100 participants. Indeed, we as organizers, have had to ask ourselves whether it is still possible to have an exciting lecture series combined with the leisure and opportunity for spontaneous questioning and stimulating individual discussion.

Thirty-two years after the publication of the legendary 'Rasch book' (Rasch, 1960), the rich literature on the Rasch model and its extensions was scattered in journals and many less accessible sources, including 'grey' literature. When asked by students or junior researchers for references to the Rasch model, it was a typical reaction on the part of the editors to state that it was difficult to name one, or just a few; actually, only a whole list of references differing in notation and level of formal abstraction seemed to meet the request in most cases. Therefore, in 1992 the editors decided to invite a number of outstanding authors in the field of Rasch modeling to contribute to a book presenting the current state of knowledge about Rasch models. The aim was not just to collect a number of papers on the subject, rather to produce a well-organized monograph. To this end, a workshop was held in Vienna from 25 to 27 February 1993 in which, after a process of mutual reviewing, drafts of all chapters were read and discussed by all authors, leading to a more systematic organization of the topics treated in unified notation and terminology. (The workshop was sponsored by the University of Vienna; here, the editors would like to express their thanks, in the name of all contributors, both for the financial support and for the hospitality granted.

Thirty-two years after the publication of the legendary 'Rasch book' (Rasch, 1960), the rich literature on the Rasch model and its extensions was scattered in journals and many less accessible sources, including 'grey' literature. When asked by students or junior researchers for references to the Rasch model, it was a typical reaction on the part of the editors to state that it was difficult to name one, or just a few; actually, only a whole list of references differing in notation and level of formal abstraction seemed to meet the request in most cases. Therefore, in 1992 the editors decided to invite a number of outstanding authors in the field of Rasch modeling to contribute to a book presenting the current state of knowledge about Rasch models. The aim was not just to collect a number of papers on the subject, rather to produce a well-organized monograph. To this end, a workshop was held in Vienna from 25 to 27 February 1993 in which, after a process of mutual reviewing, drafts of all chapters were read and discussed by all authors, leading to a more systematic organization of the topics treated in unified notation and terminology. (The workshop was sponsored by the University of Vienna; here, the editors would like to express their thanks, in the name of all contributors, both for the financial support and for the hospitality granted.

Contributions to Mathematical Psychology, Psycho metrics and Methodology presents the most esteemed research findings of the 22nd European Mathematical Psychology Group meeting in Vienna, Austria, September 1991. The selection of work appearing in this volume contains not only contributions to mathematical psychology in the narrow sense, but also work in psychometrics and methodology, with the common element of all contributions being their attempt to deal with scientific problems in psychology with rigorous mathematics reasoning. The book contains 28 chapters divided into five parts: Perception, Learning, and Cognition; Choice and Reaction Time; Social Systems; Measurement and Psychometrics; and Methodology. It is of interest to all mathematical psychologists, educational psychologists, and graduate students in these areas.

This two-volume set provides a comprehensive overview of the multidisciplinary field of Embodied Cognition. With contributions from internationally acknowledged researchers from a variety of fields, Foundations of Embodied Cognition reveals how intelligent behaviour emerges from the interplay between brain, body and environment. Covering early research and emerging trends in embodied cognition, Volume 1 Perceptual and Emotional Embodiment is divided into four distinct parts, bringing together a number of influential perspectives and new ideas. Part one opens the volume with an overview of theoretical perspectives and the neural basis of embodiment, before part two considers body representation and its links with action. Part three examines how actions constrain perception of the environment, and part four explores how emotions can be shaped and structured by the body and its activity. Building on the idea that knowledge acquisition, retention and retrieval are intimately interconnected with sensory and motor processes, Foundations of Embodied Cognition is a landmark publication in the field. It will be of great interest to researchers and advanced students from across the cognitive sciences, including those specialising in psychology, neuroscience, intelligent systems and robotics, philosophy, linguistics and anthropology.

This two-volume set provides a comprehensive overview of the multidisciplinary field of Embodied Cognition. With contributions from internationally acknowledged researchers from a variety of fields, Foundations of Embodied Cognition reveals how intelligent behaviour emerges from the interplay between brain, body and environment. Covering early research and emerging trends in embodied cognition, Volume 1 Perceptual and Emotional Embodiment is divided into four distinct parts, bringing together a number of influential perspectives and new ideas. Part one opens the volume with an overview of theoretical perspectives and the neural basis of embodiment, before part two considers body representation and its links with action. Part three examines how actions constrain perception of the environment, and part four explores how emotions can be shaped and structured by the body and its activity. Building on the idea that knowledge acquisition, retention and retrieval are intimately interconnected with sensory and motor processes, Foundations of Embodied Cognition is a landmark publication in the field. It will be of great interest to researchers and advanced students from across the cognitive sciences, including those specialising in psychology, neuroscience, intelligent systems and robotics, philosophy, linguistics and anthropology.

Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book explores the emerging topics and rapid technological developments of robotics and artificial intelligence through the lens of the evolving role of sex robots, and how they should best be designed to serve human needs. An international panel of authors provides the most up-to-date, evidence-based empirical research on the potential sexual applications of artificial intelligence. Early chapters discuss the objections to sexual activity with robots while also providing a counterargument to each objection. Subsequent chapters present the implications of robot sex as well as the security and data privacy issues associated with sexual interactions with artificial intelligence. The book concludes with a chapter highlighting the importance of a scientific, multidisciplinary approach to the study of human - robot sexuality. Topics featured in this book include: The Sexual Interaction Illusion Model. The personal companion system, Harmony, designed by Realbotix (TM). An exposition of the challenges of personal data control and protection when dealing with artificial intelligence. The current and future technological possibilities of projecting three-dimensional holograms. Expert discussion notes from an international workshop on the topic. AI Love You will be of interest to academic researchers in psychology, robotics, ethics, medical science, sociology, gender studies as well as clinicians, policy makers, and the business sector.

Within psychology, emotion is often treated as something private and personal. In contrast, this book tries to understand emotion from the 'outside' by examining the everyday social settings in which it operates. Three levels of social influence are considered in decreasing order of inclusiveness, starting with the surrounding culture and subculture, moving on to the more delimited organization or group, and finally focusing on the interpersonal setting. At all these levels, emotion is influenced by social factors and has an impact on the way social life proceeds. For example, there are no direct equivalents in many cultures for some of the particular forms of emotion experienced in Western societies, suggesting that not all aspects of emotion are universal or biologically determined. Further, our various social identifications and allegiances partly determine what is emotionally relevant in a situation and how we respond to ingroup and outgroup members' emotions. Finally, emotions are usually occasioned by things that other people say, do, or have done to them, and often change the way interaction with those others proceeds. topics from a social psychological perspective, and develops its own distinctive approach by recontextualising emotion in an integrated cultural, organisational and relational world.

Dieser Band ist das Ergebnis der mehrjahrigen Tatigkeit eines von der Gesellschaft fur Informatik (GI) angeregten Arbeitskreises. Das wirtschaftlich eminent wichtige und sich rapide entwickelnde Gebiet der rechnerunterstutzten Systeme in der Fertigung zeigte einen grossen Bedarf fur ein solches Handbuch. Durch dieses Buch soll einerseits dem Experten ein Leitfaden und Nachschlagewerk in die Hand gegeben und andererseits das Management bei der Entscheidungsvorbereitung auf diesem Gebiet unterstutzt werden. Es soll eine Hilfestellung sowohl bei der Beurteilung und Auswahl als auch bei der Entwicklung und Einfuhrung solcher Systeme geben. Unter den vielen von Computer Aided Manufacturing beeinflussten Unternehmensbereichen ist besonders die Entwicklung aufzufuhren, in der heute haufig schon mit CAD-Techniken gearbeitet wird. Der Bereich CAD wird eingehend in dem ebenfalls von der GI initiierten CAD-Handbuch behandelt und ist daher in dem vorliegenden CAM-Handbuch ausgespart. Das CAD- und das CAM-Handbuch sind somit als zwei sich erganzende Werke zu betrachten. Der Leser, der sich intensiv mit CAM befasst, sollte genugend Grundkenntnisse uber CAD besitzen, um die Zusammenhange zwischen diesen beiden Technologien zu verstehen.

Die rontgenologische Diagnostik des Respirationstraktes war neben der des Skeletes eine weitere Moglichkeit, welche ohne Zuhilfenahme kontrastverstarkender oder kontrast- mindernder Medien schon sehr fruhzeitig in den Anfangen der Rontgenara mit Erfolg betrieben wurde. Der naturlicherweise vorhandene deutliche Kontrastunterschied zwischen dem aufgehellten, beatmeten Lungenparenchym und den verschatteten, blutfUhrenden GefaBen, ferner der dichte Schatten der Mediastinalorgane und des ZwerchfeIles, gaben den Anfangern in der Rontgendiagnostik die Moglichkeit, schon wahrend der Durch- leuchtung bestimmte Aussagen zu machen. Man erkannte bald, daB die pathologischen Pro- zesse in der Lunge durch zusatzliche Verschattungen bzw. durch Aufhellungen sich auBern. Es muB hier ganz besonders unterstrichen werden, daB am Anfang der Rontgen- diagnostik im Thoraxraum die Thoraxdurchleuchtung (Rontgenoskopie) die Domane dieser Diagnostik war, denn mit Hilfe einer systematischen Durchleuchtung war es nicht nur moglich, bestimmte abnorme Befunde im Lungenfeld oder im Mediastinalraum, am Herzen oder am GefaBband bzw. an der Thoraxwand usw. zu erheben, sondern auf Grund der topographischen Beziehungen dieser Befunde zu bekannten Gebilden im Thoraxraum diese entsprechend einzuordnen. Einen wesentlichen Faktor bildete auch die Funktions- prUfung, so z. B. des ZwerchfeIles, der Thoraxwand, des Herzens, der Mediastinalorgane usw. Die "flieBende Rotation" des Kranken wahrend der Durchleuchtung und die Mog- lichkeit des Einblendens auf ein kleines Feld, ferner der Nachweis der normalen Zwerch- fellfunktion eventuell der paradoxen Verschieblichkeit desselben, des Pendelns des Media- stinums, sind nur wenige Beispiele dieser Moglichkeiten, die mit Hilfe einer subtilen Thoraxdurchleuchtungstechnik erarbeitet werden konnten. Auch sei hier ganz besonders die Wiener Schule unter HOLZKNECHT hervorgehoben.

Den Aufstieg, den die Landwirtschaft fast aller Lander in dem vergangenen halben Jahrhundert genommen hat, verdankt sie zunachst den wissenschaft lichen Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der pflanzlichen Ernahrungslehre. Diese Erkenntnisse fiihrten zu der Anwendung von kunstlichen Dungemitteln. Beschaffung und Herstellung dieser ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der chemischen Industrie. Die Landwirtschaft gehOrt heute mit zu den groBten Verbrauchern chemischer Produkte. Die Wichtigkeit der Landwirtschaft beruht daher nicht allein in ihrer Aufgabe, Nahrungsstoffe fUr Mensch und Vieh zu erzeugen, sondern ihr kommt als Hauptabnehmer industrieller Erzeugnisse auch eine groBe, volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung zu. Jene Behauptung, daB der Mensch seit fast einem Jahrhundert nm mit Hille der Wissenschaft produziert, trifft nicht zum wenigsten auf die Landwirtschaft zu. "Auch sie ist ein Gewerbe, das zu einer Kunst erst bei hochster Vollendung wird und dann der wissenschaft lichen Erkenntnis bei der Ausubung bedarf, wenn die hOchste Leistung erzielt werden soIl. " Zahlreiche Forschungsanstalten und Institute sind hente in der ganzen Welt tatig, urn die Kenntnisse der Ernahrung und Dungung deL land wirtschaftlichen Kultmpflanzen auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage zu vertiefen und zu erweitern. Eine groBe Anzahl von Spezialfragen harrt noch der Auf klarung und Bearbeitung. Ein so umfassendes Gebiet wie das der Ernahrung und Diingung der Kultur pflanzen mit seinen zahlreichen biologischen, chemischen, physiologischen und landwirtschaftlich-technischen Einzelfragen kann heute nicht mehr von einem oder nur wenigen Bearbeitern ausfUhrlich und sachlich dargestellt werden."