Presenting the state of the art in component-based software testing, this cutting-edge resource offers you an in-depth understanding of the current issues, challenges, needs and solutions in this critical area. The book discusses the very latest advances in component-based testing and quality assurance in an accessible tutorial format, making the material easy to comprehend and benefit from no matter what your professional level. The book clearly explains what component-based software testing is, why it is important, and how it differs from traditional software testing. From an introduction to software components, testing component-based software and validation methods for software components, to performance testing and measurement, standards and certification and verification of quality for component-based systems, you get a revealing snapshot of the key developments in this area, including important research findings. This volume also serves as a textbook for related courses at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level.

The book discusses how to tackle long-term social and ecological problems by using different environmental governance approaches to creating sustainable development. It explores opportunities and requirements for the governance of long-term problems, and examines how to achieve a lasting transformation. When investments are made to mitigate climate change or preserve biodiversity, future generations can reap benefits from the efforts of the present generation. However, long-term social-ecological change towards sustainable development is disrupted by the fact that the costs and benefits of action are seen by different generations. With a global focus that includes case studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, this book attempts to address the difficulty of developing and implementing effective long-term governance solutions. The authors examine what distinguishes long-term problems from other policy problems, what governance responses are available and used, and how different governance mechanisms, namely economic incentives, participation, as well as knowledge and learning, help to address them. Combining the perspectives on the different governance approaches and featuring cases studies on national, regional and global issues, Long-Term Governance for Social-Ecological Change will be of interest to policy-makers, students and scholars of global environmental governance, development, sustainability, politics, economics, law and sociology.

The diverse composition of American families and changing ways of raising our children have become subjects of intense scrutiny by researchers and policymakers in recent years. Shifting demographics and work patterns, growing numbers of women in the work force, teenage pregnancy, single-parent families, and the deinstitutionalization of the elderly, disabled, and mentally ill--all these trends have significantly affected family life. Evaluating Family Programs effectively bridges the gap between researchers and practitioners in order to bring practical, understandable advice to providers of family programs and to program funders and policymakers. Heather B. Weiss and Francine H. Jacobs have collected in this volume works which move outside the traditional approaches of their disciplines to create new models for delivering and evaluating services. This sets a mood of genuine inquiry and excitement about successful aspects of programs while maintaining openness about the limitations of both research and practice. By expanding the research model, this work is an attempt to understand reciprocal influences of extended family, culture, community, and social institutions. It urges those who advocate program accountability to understand that not all types of evaluations are appropriate for all programs, and it notes that limitations in current evaluation technologies make it difficult to evaluate outcomes. Evaluating Family Programs reminds the reader that in order to develop sound family policy we must look at children and families in context. Beacuse policymakers, program administrators, and informed citizens have come to rely more upon the results of evaluation research, we must improve our methods while not losing sight of its limitations. It is a thought-provoking contribution to the efforts of those who seek to support the American family with compassion, understanding, and realism.

The book discusses how to tackle long-term social and ecological problems by using different environmental governance approaches to creating sustainable development. It explores opportunities and requirements for the governance of long-term problems, and examines how to achieve a lasting transformation. When investments are made to mitigate climate change or preserve biodiversity, future generations can reap benefits from the efforts of the present generation. However, long-term social-ecological change towards sustainable development is disrupted by the fact that the costs and benefits of action are seen by different generations. With a global focus that includes case studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, this book attempts to address the difficulty of developing and implementing effective long-term governance solutions. The authors examine what distinguishes long-term problems from other policy problems, what governance responses are available and used, and how different governance mechanisms, namely economic incentives, participation, as well as knowledge and learning, help to address them. Combining the perspectives on the different governance approaches and featuring cases studies on national, regional and global issues, Long-Term Governance for Social-Ecological Change will be of interest to policy-makers, students and scholars of global environmental governance, development, sustainability, politics, economics, law and sociology.

This text is aimed at fathers who want to do a better job raising children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, mothers of ADHD children who want to understand the special needs that fathers have in parenting these children, and professionals who have the challenging task of involving the fathers of ADHD children in their treatment, as well as facilitating cooperation between fathers and mothers. This book should help fathers deal with the assessment process; understand their child's emotional, learning and behavioural needs; work more effectively with their spouses; and cope with their own struggles and uncertainties in dealing with this confusing diagnosis.

The diverse composition of American families and changing ways of raising our children have become subjects of intense scrutiny by researchers and policymakers in recent years. Shifting demographics and work patterns, growing numbers of women in the work force, teenage pregnancy, single-parent families, and the deinstitutionalization of the elderly, disabled, and mentally ill--all these trends have significantly affected family life. "Evaluating Family Programs" effectively bridges the gap between researchers and practitioners in order to bring practical, understandable advice to providers of family programs and to program funders and policymakers.

Heather B. Weiss and Francine H. Jacobs have collected in this volume works which move outside the traditional approaches of their disciplines to create new models for delivering and evaluating services. This sets a mood of genuine inquiry and excitement about successful aspects of programs while maintaining openness about the limitations of both research and practice. By expanding the research model, this work is an attempt to understand reciprocal influences of extended family, culture, community, and social institutions. It urges those who advocate program accountability to understand that not all types of evaluations are appropriate for all programs, and it notes that limitations in current evaluation technologies make it difficult to evaluate outcomes.

"Evaluating Family Programs" reminds the reader that in order to develop sound family policy we must look at children and families in context. Beacuse policymakers, program administrators, and informed citizens have come to rely more upon the results of evaluation research, we must improve our methods while not losing sight of its limitations. It is a thought-provoking contribution to the efforts of those who seek to support the American family with compassion, understanding, and realism.

"Heather B. Weiss" is the founder and director of Harvard Family Research Project and a senior research associate at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She is an advisor to numerous foundations on strategic grant-making and serves on the advisory board of numerous organizations.

"Francine H. Jacobs" is associate professor in the department of child development and associate professor of urban and environmental policy and planning at Tufts University. She is the author of "Evaluating Family Preservation Services: A Guide for State Administrators" (with J. Kapuscik).

In this practical and informative book, Dr. Edward H. Jacobs demonstrates how he helps parents work effectively to acquire skills that help their children. Clinicians will find concrete exercises, forms, and techniques that deal with such issues as the use of medication, the consequences of divorce, and the child with ADHD in the school system.

This compendium provides an orientation to basic issues of child and family policy. It includes an overview of the recent history of child and family policy in the United States; an exploration of several political economic conditions underlying changes in these policies; a historical survey of policies toward dependent children; and case studies of selected local, state, and federal policies. The case study approach helps to discern patterns in successful and unsuccessful policies, clarify assumptions and values that underlie them, and develop evaluation criteria. Policy formation is the focus in analyses of the federal Family and Medical Leave Act; family support initiatives in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland; and municipal policies for homeless families in Atlanta, Denver, and Seattle. Examinations of the federal Baby Doe regulations and AIDS education policy in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, public schools highlight policy implementation. An account of the Massachusetts Day Care Partnership Project concentrates on the third phase of policy analysis: policy evaluation. The concluding chapters stress the importance of considering race, class, and gender in defining social problems, setting policy agendas, and structuring and evaluating policies and programs. They then provide an analytic framework for assessing future responsibilities for U.S. child and family policy.

"A captivating book that brilliantly reveals an American sports legend long overlooked. Sally Jacobs tells the riveting story of Althea Gibson, my personal shero, who overcame daunting odds - on the tennis court and off - to stand at the world pinnacle of her sport and became an inspiration to many." -- Billie Jean King In 1950, three years after Jackie Robinson first walked onto the diamond at Ebbets Field, the all-white, upper-crust US Lawn Tennis Association opened its door just a crack to receive a powerhouse player who would integrate "the game of royalty." The player was a street-savvy young Black woman from Harlem named Althea Gibson who was about as out-of-place in that rarefied and intolerant world as any aspiring tennis champion could be. Her tattered jeans and short-cropped hair drew stares from everyone who watched her play, but her astonishing performance on the court soon eclipsed the negative feelings being cast her way as she eventually became one of the greatest American tennis champions. Gibson had a stunning career. Raised in New York and trained by a pair of tennis-playing doctors in the South, Gibson's immense talent on the court opened the door for her to compete around the world. She won top prizes at Wimbledon and Forest Hills time and time again. The young woman underestimated by so many wound up shaking hands with Queen Elizabeth II, being driven up Broadway in a snowstorm of ticker tape, and ultimately became the first Black woman to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated and the second to appear on the cover of Time. In a crowning achievement, Althea Gibson became the No. One ranked female tennis player in the world for both 1957 and 1958. Seven years later she broke the color barrier again where she became the first Black woman to join the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). In Althea, prize-winning former Boston Globe reporter Sally H. Jacobs tells the heart-rending story of this pioneer, a remarkable woman who was a trailblazer, a champion, and one of the most remarkable Americans of the twentieth century.

A basic tenet of present day biophysics is that flows in biological systems are causally related to forces. A large and growing fraction of membrane biophysics is devoted to an exploration of the quantitative relationship between forces and flows in order to understand both the nature of biological membranes and the processes that take place on and in these membranes. This is why the discussion of the nature of diffusion is so important in any formal development of membrane bio- physics. This was equally true twenty years ago when tracers were just beginning to be used for the measurement of membrane processes. We turned naturally to the great treatises on the physics of diffusion and the flow of heat where, to be sure, we could dig out the information that was needed. It was a great joy then to come across this masterful and schol- arly discussion on diffusion written for biologists of a physical tum of mind by MERKEL JACOBS. Here were to be found not only the equations that were basic to our knowledge, but also a careful, accurate and logical explanation, both of the physical principles and the mathematical steps. It soon became apparent that we could not keep that one volume of Ergebnisse der Biologie on indefinite loan from the library, and we then found, by good fortune, a remaindered copy of this particular issue. It has become a well-thumbed and treasured possession of the laboratory.

Leonardo, Raphael and Michelangelo are familiar names that are often closely associated with the concepts of genius and masterpiece. But what about Sofonisba Anguissola, Lavinia Fontana, and Irene di Spilimbengo? Their names are unfamiliar and their works are literally unknown. Why? Defining the Renaissance 'Virtuosa' considers the language of art in relationship to the issues of gender difference through an examination of art criticism written between 1550 and 1800 on approximately forty women artists who were active in Renaissance Italy. Fredrika Jacobs demonstrates how these theoretical writings defined women artists, by linking artistic creation and biological procreation. She also examines the ambiguity of these women as both beautiful object and creator of beautiful object. Jacobs' study shows how deeply the biases of these early critics have inflected both subsequent reception of these Renaissance virtuose, as well as modern scholarship.

Defining the Renaissance "Virtuosa" considers the language of art in relationship to the issues of gender difference through an examination of art criticism written between 1550 and 1800 on approximately forty women artists who were active in Renaissance Italy. Fredrika Jacobs demonstrates how these theoretical writings defined women artists, by linking artistic creation and biological procreation. Jacobs' study shows how deeply the biases of these early critics have inflected both subsequent reception of these Renaissance virtuose, as well as modern scholarship.

Anne Schafer presents proposals for the reform of the definition of a company's residence, the definition of the permanent establishment, the possibilities of profit allocation and the methods to avoid international double taxation. In addition, the interrelations between these issues are taken into account. Amongst others, the author argues for an extension of the definition of a permanent establishment for employees working permanently abroad and for an implementation of formula apportionment in the European Union.

Our small book presents areport which has been prepared in the year 2000 for the Taxation and Custorns Union Directorate General of the European Commission, under contract no. T AXUD / 00 / 312. Some of the results form part of the report "Company Taxation in the Internal Market" of the Commission Services released in autumn 2001. We present estimates of effective average tax rates (EATR) in five EU Member States (France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK) plus the USA based on the European Tax Analyzer approach. The European Tax Analyzer is a computer based model firm approach for the computation and comparison of international company tax burdens. It has been developed in co-operation with the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). We would like to thank the ZEW for this co-operation. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Gerd Gutekunst, Rieo A. Hermann and Thorsten Stetter in preparing the report. Special mention must be made of Gerd Gutekunst, who was also responsible for preparing the printed version of this report.

Unter den cerebralen Reaktionsformen des hoheren Lebensalters haben die "amnestischen Episoden" we- gen ihrer eigentiirnlichen psychopathologischen Struk- tur, der darnit verbundenen besonderen Form von Erlebnisstorung, ihres vielfaltigen atiopathogeneti- schen Bedingungsgeftiges und ihrer prospektiven Be- deutung gerade in den letzten J ahrzehnten ein offen- sichtlich zunehmendes Interesse gewonnen. Die von Gerhard Frank vorgelegten klinischen Untersuchungs- ergebnisse an 27 Patienten auf Grund direkter Beob- achtung und raufender Austestung wahrend des meh- rere Stun den anhaltenden Versagens des mittelbaren Gedachtnisses verdeutlichen zugleich die hiermit ver- bundenen Veranderungen in Verhalten, Erleben und Gestimmtheit. Darnit ist erstmals auch der Hintergrund dessen, was mit dem reduzierenden Begriff "amnesti- sche Episode" nicht getroffen wird, abgeleuchtet. Retrospektives und Prospektives bringen Einsich- ten in die jeweils besondere Einftigung solcher zugleich fascinierender wie erschiittemder, gliicklicherweise transitorischer, in jedem Falle "eigenartiger Risse zwi- schen Bewu tsein und Erleben in der Gegenwart", wie dies Gamper im Jahre 1928 in anderem Zusammen- hange zu kennzeichnen versuchte. Neben neuen Ein- blicken in die psychopathologische Struktur ergeben sich niitzliche Klarungen in atiopathogenetischer Hin- sicht, zumal solcher Erscheinungsbilder, die sich urn den alteren Begriff "migraine amnesique" gruppierten. Dem ist eine eindrucksvolle Belegkasuistik gewidmet. Ausftihrliche iiberpriifende Erwagungen zur atiopa- thogenetischen Grundlage ftihren zu dem Schlu, da VI sich die amnestischen Episoden" als polygenetische Terminalreaktionen angiocephaler Natur mit zentralem Storfaktor in infero-mediotemporalen Regionen ein- schlie lich Mittelhirn und Hirnstamm darstellen. Marburg, Oktober 1980 Hans Jacob tsverzeichrnds 1 Einleitung ........................ . 1 1.1 Kurze historische Obersicht ........... . 1 1.2 Ziel und Methodik der Untersuchung ... . 2 2 Klinisches Bild ..................... . 3 Psychopathologie .................. .

Das BewuBtsein fUr das Risiko unternehmerischen Handelns ist durch die Unternehmens schwierigen Wirtschaftsbedingungen der jiingsten Vergangenheit erheblich risiko: Wachsende geschiirft worden. Zusiitzlich zu konjunkturell und technologisch bedingten Markt-, Produkt Marktrisiken hat die stiirkere Sensibilisierung der Offentlichkeit gegeniiber und Umweltrisiken Risiken von Produkten und Produktionstechniken bewirkt, daB sich die bei abnehmender Unternehmen in einer erhohten Risikosituation befinden. Wenn auch offentlicher gegenwiirtig einige Wirtschaftszweige, wie die chernische Industrie und die Akzeptanz Autoindustrie, bevorzugte Aufmerksamkeit in der offentlichen Diskussion erfahren, so ist doch ein grundlegender Wandel in der individuellen Risi koakzeptanz uniibersehbar, der generell zur Verlagerung wirtschaftlicher Risiken auf giiter- und leistungsproduzierende Unternehmen fiihrt. Ein entscheidender Schritt in diese Richtung wurde schon Ende der 60er Jahre bei der Produkthaftung getan, als durch hochstrichterliche Rechtsprechung die Beweislast bei der Produzenten- und Hiindlerhaftung fUr Folgeschiiden durch fehlerhafte Produkte umgekehrt worden ist. Ein bekanntes Beispiel fUr die veriinderte Risikosituation bei der Produkthaf tung ist der "Conterganfall," der, neben direktenfinanziellen Auswirkun gen, zu zahlreichen innerbetrieblichen FolgemaBnahmen bei den Herstel lern von Arzneirnitteln gefUhrt hat. Zahlreiche andere Unternehmen befin den sich in iihnlichen Risikosituationen. Aktuelle Ereignisse belegen, daB Umweltschiiden, die durch Produktionsprozesse oder deren Riickstiinde hervorgerufen werden, eine weitere Quelle unternehmerischen Risikos geworden sind. Umweltrisiken erreichen leicht existenzgefahrdende finan zielle Dimensionen. Sie sind auBerdem ebenso wie die Produktrisiken "heimtiickisch," weil sie im Zeitpunkt der Verursachung oft nicht leicht zu erkennen sind, aber nach Jahren oder Jahrzehnten noch gefahrlich sein konnen."

Die gegenwartige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sowie in vielen westlichen Industrielandern ist gekenn zeichnet durch eine Vielzahl von stagnierenden oder gar schrumpfen den Markten, einen raschen technologischen Wandel der Produktions verfahren sowie hohe Arbeitskosten. Diese einzel- und gesamtwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen stellen Aufgabedes bei vielen Unternehmen erhebliche Anforderungen an das Manage Managements: ment, sich den veranderten Verhaltnissen rechtzeitig und mit vertretba Struktur ren Kosten anzupassen. anpassung Man kann den Problemkomplex "Anpassung an veranderte Umwelt Froherkennung bedingungen" in zwei Teilprobleme aufspalten: und Steuerungs Fruherkennung der veranderten Rahmenbedingungen und ihrer massnahmen Auswirkungen auf die Unternehmensentwicklung; Konzeption von Steuerungsmassnahmen, um das Unternehmen auch bei veranderten Gegebenheiten "auf Kurs" zu halten, d.h. sei ne Existenz zu sichern. Beide Teilprobleme werden im vorliegenden Band der Schriften zur Unternehmensfuhrung einer eingehenden Analyse unterzogen. Die beiden ersten Aufsatze greifen das Problem der Fruherkennung von fur das Unternehmen wichtigen Veranderungen auf und versu chen, Losungsansatze zu entwickeln, die in der Praxis durchsetzbar sind."

Wahrend in fruheren Ja: hrzehnten das Thema Arbeitszeitverkurzung vor Arbeitszeitverkurzzmg allem unter sozialpolitischen oder arbeitsmedizinischen Aspekten disku als arbeitsmarkt tiert wurde, fordert in unseren Tagen insbesondere die Gewerkschaftsbe politisches Instrument wegung eine Arbeitszeitverkurzung als Instrument fur die Verwirklichung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Ziele. Die Begrundung dafur wird aus dem hohen Stand der Arbeitslosenzahl abgeleitet. Obwohl eine Zunahme der Arbeits losigkeit in diesem Jahr zum Stillstand gekommen ist, wird doch eine Arbeitslosenzahl in Hohe von 2 Millionen von allen Verantwortlichen als erheblich zu hoch und daher als nicht akzeptabel angesehen. Nun ist bei einer betriebswirtschaftliehen Sicht des Problems die Bekamp Arbeitslosigkeit als fung der Arbeitslosigkeit nicht in erster Linie ein arbeitsmarktpolitisches Problem der betrieb Problem, wenn davon ausgegangen. wird, dass der Arbeitsmarkt gut orga lichen Beschaftigungs nisiert ist und die Beschaftigungslosen auch fur qualifizierte Arbeitsplatze lage eine Eignung besitzen. Arbeitslosigkeit kann unmittelbar abgebaut werden, wenn die Betriebe in der Lage sind, ihre Beschaftigung durch Vornahme von Erweiterungsinvestitionen zu steigern. Dies setzt jedoch vor allem die Fahigkeit voraus, Marktchancen besser zu nutzen, als dies in der Vergan genheit der Fall war."

Mit diesem Band der Schriften zur Unternehmensfuhrung legen die Schuler des Herausgebers und Grunders dieser Reihe einige Arbeiten zu aktuellen Ergebnissen ihrer wissenschaftlichen Tatigkeit auf dem Gebiet der unter nehmerischen Planung vor. Damit soll die mit Band 25 begonnene Tradi tion gepflegt werden, betriebswirtschaftliche Forschungsergebnisse einem grosseren Leserkreis zur Kenntnis zu bringen. Die inzwischen an verschiedenen deutschen Universitaten als Hochschul lehrer wirkenden Schuler von Prof. Dr. H. J acob wollen mit ihren gemein sam vorgelegten Beitragen zugleich ihrem Lehrer den tiefempfundenen Dank fur die Forderung und Unterstutzung ihres wissenschaftlichen Werde gangs zum Ausdruck bringen. Mit diesen Arbeiten stellen sich die Schuler in die verdienstvolle Tradi tion ihres Lehrers: Sie fuhlen sich der problemorientierten, quantitativen Betriebswirtschaftslehre verpflichtet und nehmen auch fur sich in An spruch, praxisbezogene Fragen aufzugreifen und Losungsvorschlage im Sinne der Unternehmensfuhrung zu erarbeiten. Unternehmensplanung Mit dem Ubersichtsbeitrag uber computergestutzte Unternehmensplanung als aktuelle Aufgabe des wird ein fur viele Firmen, insbesondere mit multinationalem Betatigungs Managements feld, ausserordentlich bedeutsamer und zugleich aktueller Aufgabenbereich des Managements beleuchtet. Wie vor allem amerikanische Untersuchungen zeigen, besteht gerade bei europaischen Gesellschaften auf diesem Gebiet ein inzwischen offensichtlich erkennbarer Nachholbedarf. Die weiterhin verbesserten Anwendungsbedingungen der Computersysteme zur Losung von planerischen Aufgaben schaffen hier gunstige Voraussetzungen fur eine erfolgreiche Beschaftigung mit weitreichenden, die Zukunftsentwicklung einer Unternehmung bestimmenden Planungsansatzen."