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When an excessive proportion of the human energy requirement is
derived from fat, the likelihood of obesity increases. Any such
individual is at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease-
grave and costly health hazards. The selective control of fat
ingestion is a promising solution to these concerns. Existing data
suggests that macronutrient intake can be manipulated. Further
research is working to create pharmacological tools that will
suppress fat consumption. It will also be possible to fight
obesity, heart disease and diabetes. Neural and Metabolic Control
of Macronutrient Intake systematically discusses the known
physiological mechanisms involved in macronutrientselection,
including their molecular, genetic and neurochemical aspects. The
book is also a critical review of the hypothesis that ingestion of
the three nutrients is regulated by separate neural control
mechanisms, leaving open the possibility that strategies could be
devised to intervene in bodily control systems and alter the
proportion of fat in the diet. This reference provides three types
of information: First, the basic background of the biochemical and
physiological systems as they relate to macronutrient selection.
Second, opinions and data concerning to what degree animals and
humans show evidence of macronutrient selection. And, third,
evidence about how the central nervous system might be involved in
the choices animals make among macronutrients.
When an excessive proportion of the human energy requirement is
derived from fat, the likelihood of obesity increases. Any such
individual is at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease-
grave and costly health hazards. The selective control of fat
ingestion is a promising solution to these concerns. Existing data
suggests that macronutrient intake can be manipulated. Further
research is working to create pharmacological tools that will
suppress fat consumption. It will also be possible to fight
obesity, heart disease and diabetes. Neural and Metabolic Control
of Macronutrient Intake systematically discusses the known
physiological mechanisms involved in macronutrientselection,
including their molecular, genetic and neurochemical aspects. The
book is also a critical review of the hypothesis that ingestion of
the three nutrients is regulated by separate neural control
mechanisms, leaving open the possibility that strategies could be
devised to intervene in bodily control systems and alter the
proportion of fat in the diet. This reference provides three types
of information: First, the basic background of the biochemical and
physiological systems as they relate to macronutrient selection.
Second, opinions and data concerning to what degree animals and
humans show evidence of macronutrient selection. And, third,
evidence about how the central nervous system might be involved in
the choices animals make among macronutrients.
1 Introduction The esophagus is a relatively simple though vital
organ. It consists of a two-layered muscular tube whose lumen is
lined by squamous strati?ed epithelium. Beyond its role of
propelling food from the pharynx to the stomach by a propulsive
contraction wave representing the esophageal phase of deglutition
(Conklin and Christensen 1994; Jean 2001), it is more and more
recognized as a sensory organ from which a variety of respiratory
and cardiovascular re?exes can be triggered, thus coop- ating with
the larynx in protecting the lower airways from aspiration
(Barthelemy et al. 1996; Lang et al. 2002; Lang et al. 2001; Loomis
et al. 1997; Medda et al. 2003). In ruminants, there is additional
antiperistalsis for regurgitation. During emesis, the esophagus is
a merely passive conduit except for some antiperistalsis in its
upper part. In the interval between swallows, both oral and aboral
ends of the esophagus are tonically closed by the upper and lower
esophageal sphincters, UES and LES respectively, while the tubular
esophagus is ?accid and partly ?lled with air. Despite this
apparent simplicity, neuronal control of esophageal functions is
quite complex.
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