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In summer 2014, US agencies responsible for the border with Mexico
were overwhelmed by tens of thousands of unaccompanied children
arriving from Central America. Unprepared to address this
unexpected kind of migrant, the US government deployed troops to
carry out a new border mission: the feeding, care, and housing of
this wave of children. This event highlights the complex social,
economic, and political issues that arise along borders. In
American Crossings, nine scholars consider the complicated modern
history of borders in the Western Hemisphere, examining borders as
geopolitical boundaries, key locations for internal security,
spaces for international trade, and areas where national and
community identities are defined. Among the provocative questions
raised are, Why are Peru and Chile inclined to legalize territory
disputes through the International Court of Justice, undermining
their militaries? Why has economic integration in the "Tri-Border
Area" of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay increased illicit trade
supporting transnational terrorist groups? And how has a weak
Ecuadorian presence at the Ecuador-Colombia border encouraged
Colombian guerrillas to enforce the international borderline?
Financial and material resources are correctly perceived as the
life blood of terrorist operations, and governments have determined
that fighting the financial infrastructure of terrorist
organizations is the key to their defeat. Since the attacks of
September 11, 2001, a good deal has been learned about sources and
mechanisms used to finance the "new" terrorism, which is
religiously motivated and exponentially more deadly than previous
generations of terrorist organizations. New policies have been
devised to combat the threat and existing policies have been
enacted with greater vigor than ever before. Five years into the
battle against terrorist financing, it is time to take stock of the
emerging literature on terrorist financing, cut through a number of
myths that have developed around the issue, and assess the current
policy debates. Through a series of thematic chapters and
organizational and regional case studies-examining terrorist
organizations such as Al Qaeda and Hezbollah, and regions such as
East Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and South East
Asia-the authors provide a comprehensive assessment of the state of
our knowledge about the nature of terrorism financing, and the
evolution and effectiveness of terrorist strategies and government
responses. This volume focuses on the preferences of major actors
within terrorist networks and government agencies and the domestic
and international contexts in which they make decisions and execute
their strategies. It argues that both terrorism financing and
government responses face problems of coordination, oversight, and
information asymmetries that render them vulnerable to disruption.
Financial and material resources are correctly perceived as the
life blood of terrorist operations, and governments have determined
that fighting the financial infrastructure of terrorist
organizations is the key to their defeat. Since the attacks of
September 11, 2001, a good deal has been learned about sources and
mechanisms used to finance the "new" terrorism, which is
religiously motivated and exponentially more deadly than previous
generations of terrorist organizations. New policies have been
devised to combat the threat and existing policies have been
enacted with greater vigor than ever before. Five years into the
battle against terrorist financing, it is time to take stock of the
emerging literature on terrorist financing, cut through a number of
myths that have developed around the issue, and assess the current
policy debates. Through a series of thematic chapters and
organizational and regional case studies-examining terrorist
organizations such as Al Qaeda and Hezbollah, and regions such as
East Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and South East
Asia-the authors provide a comprehensive assessment of the state of
our knowledge about the nature of terrorism financing, and the
evolution and effectiveness of terrorist strategies and government
responses. This volume focuses on the preferences of major actors
within terrorist networks and government agencies and the domestic
and international contexts in which they make decisions and execute
their strategies. It argues that both terrorism financing and
government responses face problems of coordination, oversight, and
information asymmetries that render them vulnerable to disruption.
The transition from military rule to democracy Unlike most other
emerging South American democracies, Venezuela has not succumbed to
a successful military coup d'etat during four decades of democratic
rule. What drives armed forces to follow the orders of elected
leaders? And how do emerging democracies gain that control over
their military establishments? Harold Trinkunas answers these
questions in an examination of Venezuela's transition to democracy
following military rule and its attempts to institutionalize
civilian control of the military over the past sixty years, a
period that included three regime changes. Trinkunas first focuses
on the strategic choices democratizers make about the military and
how these affect the internal civil-military balance of power in a
new regime. He then analyzes a regime's capacity to
institutionalize civilian control, looking specifically at
Venezuela's failures and successes in this arena during three
periods of intense change: the October revolution (1945-48), the
Pact of Punto Fijo period (1958-98), and the Fifth Republic under
President Hugo Chavez (1998 to the present). Placing Venezuela in
comparative perspective with Argentina, Chile, and Spain, Trinkunas
identifies the bureaucratic mechanisms democracies need in order to
sustain civilian authority over the armed forces.
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