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The position of India's princely states is a relatively
under-studied aspect of the British withdrawal from India and the
early years of Indian and Pakistani independence. Far from playing
second fiddle to events in the British Indian provinces, the
princely states played an integral role in the transfer of power in
1947. Under the British Raj, the princely states were politically
autonomous, and the rulers of each state had to be cajoled and, in
some cases, forced to accede to India or Pakistan. The princes'
commitment to preserving their sovereignty not only threatened the
territorial integrity of both South Asian countries but brought
them to the brink of war on multiple occasions. Conquering the
maharajas tells the often overlooked history of Princely India
through the tumultuous end of empire in South Asia and the early
years of Indian and Pakistani independence. -- .
After two decades and trillions of dollars, the United States'
fight against terrorism has achieved mixed results. Despite the
vast resources and attention expended since 9/11, terrorism has
increased in many societies that have been caught up in the war on
terror. Why have U.S. policies been unable to stem the tide of
violence? Harrison Akins reveals how the war on terror has led to
the unintended consequence of increasing domestic terrorism in U.S.
partner states. He examines the results of U.S.-backed
counterterrorism operations that targeted al Qaeda in peripheral
regions of partner states, over which their central governments
held little control. These operations often provoked a violent
backlash from local terrorist groups, leading to a spike in
retaliatory attacks against partner states. Senior U.S. officials
frequently failed to grasp the implications of the historical
conflict between central governments and the targeted peripheries.
Instead, they exerted greater pressure on partner states to expand
their counterterrorism efforts. This exacerbated the underlying
conditions that drove the escalating attacks, trapping these
governments in a deadly cycle of tit-for-tat violence with local
terrorist groups. This process, Akins demonstrates, accounts for
the lion's share of the al Qaeda network's global terrorist
activity since 2001. Drawing on extensive primary sources-including
newly declassified documents, dozens of in-depth interviews with
leading government officials in the United States and abroad, and
statistical analysis-The Terrorism Trap is a groundbreaking
analysis of why counterterrorism has backfired.
After two decades and trillions of dollars, the United States'
fight against terrorism has achieved mixed results. Despite the
vast resources and attention expended since 9/11, terrorism has
increased in many societies that have been caught up in the war on
terror. Why have U.S. policies been unable to stem the tide of
violence? Harrison Akins reveals how the war on terror has led to
the unintended consequence of increasing domestic terrorism in U.S.
partner states. He examines the results of U.S.-backed
counterterrorism operations that targeted al Qaeda in peripheral
regions of partner states, over which their central governments
held little control. These operations often provoked a violent
backlash from local terrorist groups, leading to a spike in
retaliatory attacks against partner states. Senior U.S. officials
frequently failed to grasp the implications of the historical
conflict between central governments and the targeted peripheries.
Instead, they exerted greater pressure on partner states to expand
their counterterrorism efforts. This exacerbated the underlying
conditions that drove the escalating attacks, trapping these
governments in a deadly cycle of tit-for-tat violence with local
terrorist groups. This process, Akins demonstrates, accounts for
the lion's share of the al Qaeda network's global terrorist
activity since 2001. Drawing on extensive primary sources-including
newly declassified documents, dozens of in-depth interviews with
leading government officials in the United States and abroad, and
statistical analysis-The Terrorism Trap is a groundbreaking
analysis of why counterterrorism has backfired.
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