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The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
bio chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spec
troscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts.
This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses
with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups:
the toba moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the
tobraviruses (after to bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the
latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic
virus), and the not yet officially rec ognized furoviruses
(fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984).
At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups
instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of
virology. This pe culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews,
1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee
of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply
split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus
classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species
concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept,
according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and
genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt
stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term
species to biological species. According to them, a collection of
similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ ual
virus, i. e., it is a taxonomy entity separate from other
individual viruses."
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and
spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalu able reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series i designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
bio chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spec
troscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and
spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts.
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and
spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalu able reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
During the past three decades the organic chemist has become in-
creasingly used to take advantage of more and more complex
instrumenta- tion and physical measurements in lieu of laborious,
time-consuming and often ambiguous chemical transformations. Mass
spectrometry is perhaps the most recent, most complex and most
expensive addition to this field. In view of the astonishingly
quick acceptance of nuclear magnetic reso- nance by the organic
chemist it is, in retrospect, surprising that he has neglected mass
spectrometry for such a long time. This can be explained, in part,
by the complexity of the instrumentation and some technical
shortcomings of the earlier commercially available instruments but,
to an even greater extent, it reflects also the prejudices against
a technique that was originally mainly used for quantitative gas
analysis. The usefulness of mass spectrometry as a qualitative
technique in organic chemistry rather than a tool for quantitative
analysis was more and more recognized towards the end of the last
decade. A rather spectacular development followed during the
intervening few years to the point that now any reasonably well
equipped modern organic laboratory is supplied with, or at least
has access to, one or more mass spectrometers suitable for work on
organic compounds. Within the realm of organic chemistry the
technique has become much more important, if not indispensable, for
the natural products chemist while its application to synthetic
problems is much less pro- nounced.
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
biochemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and
spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and numbering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
bio chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and
spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of 19 volumes, represents a commitment by a large
group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate
on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now
amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide
literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered any where, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of
the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science,
having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming
and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively
few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the
intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics,
bio chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spec
troscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information
explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these
events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000
pages in a total of about 18 volumes, represents a commitment by a
large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and
expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of
which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a
wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in
perspective, and to develop an invalua ble reference and sourcebook
for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed
as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also
provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated
concepts."
During the past two decades, virus taxonomy has advanced to the
point where most viruses can be classified as belonging to
families, genera, or groups of related viruses. Virus
classification is primarily based on chem ical and physical
similarities, such as the size and shape of the virion, the nature
of the genomic nucleic acid, the number and function of com ponent
proteins, the presence of lipids and of additional structural fea
tures, such as envelopes, and serological interrelationships. The
families, genera, or groups of viruses that have been defined on
the basis of such criteria by the International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) will be described in some detail in this
catalogue and illustrated by elec tron micrographs. In my present
attempt to list most if not all well es tablished and studied
viruses in alphabetical order, I have largely confined myself to
identifying them only in such taxonomic terms, generally without
quoting specific data reported for individual viruses. If the
latter data do not at times agree closely with those given for the
taxon or group, it is difficult to decide to what extent this is
attributable to misclassi fication due to insufficient data and
errors in the analytical procedures and descriptions, or to what
extent this is an expression of Nature's free dom of choice and
abhorrence of restrictive classifications."
This volume of the series The Plant Viruses is devoted to viruses
with rod-shaped particles belonging to the following four groups:
the toba- moviruses (named after tobacco mosaic virus), the
tobraviruses (after to- bacco rattle), the hordeiviruses (after the
latin hordeum in honor of the type member barley stripe mosaic
virus), and the not yet officially rec- ognized furoviruses
(fungus-transmitted rod-shaped viruses, Shirako and Brakke, 1984).
At present these clusters of plant viruses are called groups
instead of genera or families as is customary in other areas of
virology. This pe- culiarity of plant viral taxonomy (Matthews,
1982) is due to the fact that the current Plant Virus Subcommittee
of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses is deeply
split on what to call the categories or ranks used in virus
classification. Some plant virologists believe that the species
concept cannot be applied to viruses because this concept,
according to them, necessarily involves sexual reproduction and
genetic isolation (Milne, 1984; Murant, 1985). This belief no doubt
stems from the fact that these authors restrict the use of the term
species to biological species. According to them, a collection of
similar viral isolates and strains does constitute an individ- ual
virus, i. e. , it is a taxonomy entity separate from other
individual viruses.
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