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This book deals with Bible translation and its development from
Antiquity to the Reformation. Helen Kraus compares and analyses
those translated passages in Genesis 1-4 that deal with the
male-female dynamic, tracing linguistic and ideological processes
and seeking to determine the extent of interaction between
contemporary culture and translation. In response to the challenge
of late 20th-century 'second wave' feminist scholarship, Kraus
considers the degree and development of androcentricity in these
passages in both Hebrew and translated texts. The study is
therefore something of a hybrid, comprising exegesis, literary
criticism and reception history, and draws together a number of
hitherto discrete approaches. After an introduction to the problems
of translation, and exegesis of the Hebrew text, five translations
are examined: The Septuagint (the first Greek translation, thought
to date from the 3rd century BCE), Jerome's 4th-century CE Latin
Vulgate version, Luther's pioneering German vernacular Bible of
1523, the English Authorized Version (1611), and the Dutch State
Bible (1637). A brief study of contemporary culture precedes each
exegetical section that compares translation with the Hebrew text.
Results of the investigation point to the Hebrew text showing
significant androcentricity, with the Septuagint, possibly
influenced by Greek philosophy, emphasizing the patriarchal
elements. This trend persists through the Vulgate and even Luther's
Bible - though less so in the English and Dutch versions - and
suggests that the translators are at least partly responsible for
an androcentric text becoming the justification for the oppression
of women.
Written by horticulturalists Helen Kraus and Anne Spafford, Rain
Gardening in the South helps gardeners use our most precious
resource--water--wisely. Rain gardens maximize rainwater, enhance
the landscape, and promote environmental stewardship. This
four-color book addresses the specific environmental circumstances
of Southern gardens, including climate issues, plant selection, and
soil types.
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