This study assesses whether Army policy, doctrine, and guidance adequately address environmental activities in post-conflict phases of contingencies. A review of policy, doctrine, operational experience, and documentation, as well as interviews with Army personnel, indicates that environmental concerns can have significant impacts.Recommendations are made for improving the Army's approach to environmental issues in contingency operations.It looks at the growing importance of environmental considerations for the Army in contingency operations, and recommendations for ways to better address environmental issues in Army planning, training, policy, guidance, and operations.

The Department of Homeland Security is moving increasingly to risk analysis and risk-based resource allocation, a process that is designed to manage the greatest risks instead of attempting to protect everything. The authors show how a probabilistic terrorism model can be used to assess terrorist risk across cities and within specific cities, and to assist intelligence analysis.

This monograph provides a practical definition of terrorism risk, presents a method of estimating it, and demonstrates a framework for evaluating this method. Results support conclusions on how to improve risk-based resource allocation. The Department of Homeland Security is responsible for protecting the United States from terrorism. It does so partly through the Urban Areas Security Initiative, though its distribution has been criticized for not reflecting risk. This monograph offers a practical definition of terrorism risk and a method for estimating it that addresses inherent uncertainties. It also demonstrates a framework for evaluating alternative risk estimates. Finally, it makes five recommendations for improving resource allocation.

Containerized shipping has always been an attractive target for thieves and smugglers--and now terrorists. Are today's security measures working or not? This report lays out a framework for assessing the effects of supply-chain security proposals. 450-character abstract: Much worldwide cargo, from raw materials to finished products, travels via containerized shipping. For the shippers, the main concern has always been losses from theft or accident. But shipping containers are as attractive to terrorists as they are to thieves and smugglers. New security measures have therefore proliferated. This report defines a framework for assessing the effects of these measures, reviews the balance of current container security risk-reduction efforts, and lays out directions for further research.

Evaluates the technical soundness of existing methods for assessing the risks posed by unexploded ordnance at U.S. military installations. This report examines methods for assessing the risks of unexploded ordnance (UXO) on former military training land, particularly sites on closed or transferred bases that will be or have been converted to civilian use. This work is the first to analyze in detail all the approaches the Army has developed to assess the risks of UXO sites, recommending ways for the Army to develop risk assessment protocols acceptable to all parties with an interest in UXO sites.