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This photographic guide will assist scientists working with
archaeological plant or insect remains in the identification of
calcium-phosphate replaced biological remains. Diagnostic criteria
and images are presented for the most commonly occurring taxa found
as mineralised remains in cesspits, drains and middens, dating from
the prehistoric to post-medieval periods . Phosphatic
mineralisation primarily preserves soft tissues and often results
in the loss of diagnostic features typically seen in other types of
preservation, particularly of the thickened, protective outer
layers (pericarps and seed coats) of fruits and seeds. For insect
remains this type of preservation primarily favours fly (Diptera)
pupae and puparia. High quality photographic images are presented,
for the most part using mineralised archaeological material. High
magnification images of specific structures and cell layers
(magnifications of up to x160) are included where appropriate.
Variations of potential preservation are illustrated where
possible. Identification criteria for each taxon is highlighted,
along with examples of archaeological sites which yielded
mineralised material, information on modern ecology and
interpretative value of each taxon.
This guidance describes a method of recording historic buildings
for the purpose of historical understanding using analytical site
drawing and measuring by hand. The techniques described here have a
long tradition of being used to aid understanding by observation
and close contact with building fabric. They can be used by all
involved in making records of buildings of all types and ages, but
are particularly useful for vernacular buildings and architectural
details which are crucial to the history of a building or site. .
Record drawings are best used alongside other recording techniques
such as written reports and photography or to supplement digital
survey data. They can also be used as a basis for illustrations
that disseminate understanding to wider audiences.
This guidance document covers the use of geoarchaeology to assist
in understanding the archaeological record. Geoarchaeological
techniques may range in scale from landscape studies to microscopic
analysis, and are carried out by practitioners with specialist
knowledge about the physical environment in which archaeological
stratigraphy is preserved, and excavations take place. The main aim
is usually to understand site formation processes, but there may
also be issues concerning site preservation, refining field
interpretations of archaeological contexts and identifying changes
in the physical landscape through time.
This guidance document provides an introduction to the ways that
the archaeological evidence for metalworking is studied.
Archaeometallurgical evidence can include whole landscapes,
buildings, features, artefacts and waste materials (eg slag and
crucibles). Archaeometallurgy includes fieldwork investigations
(survey and excavation) and the subsequent study of these data as
well as any artefacts and residues recovered. Scientific approaches
provide insights into the techniques used to produce different
metals and how these were fabricated into artefacts.
Roofing looks at traditional roof coverings used on historic
buildings. Many materials and systems have been used to provide
roof coverings, and the book provides information about their
technological evolution, the processes causing deterioration, and
ways of assessing problems and solutions. Repairs, maintenance and
conflicts with modern practices are also covered.
This document provides practical guidance on how to investigate
sites where pottery production has taken place. It describes how to
anticipate and locate pottery production sites and the types of
evidence that may be found. This document also provides advice on
the available methods and strategies for examining, recording and
sampling features and finds of various types at each stage of the
work. The different techniques for establishing the date of pottery
production, and for characterising the products of a site, are
given particular emphasis. This document was compiled by Harriet
White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne
Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans,
Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince's
Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major
cities and some of its county towns and villages. It provides a
nostalgic look at Leicester's past and highlights the special
character of some of its most important historic sites. The
photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique
collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and
documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and
local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography
to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and
medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Historic England:
Leicester shows the city as it once was, from its churches, parks,
streets and alleyways to its Victorian mills and textile factories.
Leicester has been at the very heart of the country's political and
economic development for over two millennia. Evidence of Roman
occupation remains at the Jewry Wall, Cardinal Wolsey lies buried
in Leicester Abbey and, in 2012, the skeleton of Richard III was
discovered lying beneath a car park. The city grew rapidly in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the construction of the
Grand Union Canal and the arrival of the railway. These
developments encouraged and accompanied a process of
industrialisation which intensified throughout the Victorian era;
hosiery, textiles, and footwear became the major industrial
employers. Today, Leicester is a major distribution centre and has
attracted new service and manufacturing businesses through its
academic-industrial connections with the engineering departments at
Leicester University, De Montfort University and nearby
Loughborough University. Leicester remains one of the country's
most important cities and this book will help you discover its
colourful and fascinating history.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest major
cities. It provides a nostalgic look at Birmingham's past and
highlights the special character of some of its most important
historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England
Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs,
drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology,
architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the
earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from
Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside
resorts. Birmingham has long been an important centre in the West
Midlands but during the Industrial Revolution it grew to become
England's second city. The myriad of manufacturing businesses in
Birmingham created a dynamic local economy and the city prospered.
Although the town was heavily bombed in the Second World War and
its infrastructure was badly damaged, the city was redeveloped
post-war, with many areas being rebuilt from scratch. Birmingham
continued to be regenerated in subsequent decades and today it is a
powerful commercial city of international importance.
Mortars, Renders and Plasters provides a broad perspective of
contemporary conservation theory and practice not otherwise found
in one publication, describing the history, physical properties,
and deterioration of these important materials. Methods of
assessing condition and evaluating options for treatment and repair
are discussed, together with a range of practical conservation
techniques and maintenance strategies.
Timber deals with wide-ranging use of the material in historic
buildings, from vast structural timber-frames through to high-class
joinery and simple fixings. Particular attention is paid to how and
why timber decays or faults occur, and the methods of assessing and
dealing with this. The bulk of the book covers appropriate methods
of repair and maintenance.
Stone considers the wide variety of historical uses, from simple
masonry walling through to elaborate carving and decoration. The
book considers why stone decays or fails and how to assess and
understand the causes, before concentrating on the practical
methods of treatment, repair and maintenance.
This illustrated history portrays one of London's most fascinating
areas. It provides a nostalgic look at the East End's past and
highlights the special character of some of its most important
historic sites. The photographs are taken from the Historic England
Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million photographs,
drawings, plans and documents covering England's archaeology,
architecture, social and local history. Pictures date from the
earliest days of photography to the present and cover subjects from
Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas and seaside
resorts. This book shows London's East End as it once was, from its
labyrinthine streets and alleys to its factories and warehouses.
The East End was one of the poorest parts of the UK, blighted by
crime and appalling living conditions. As the boundaries of London
spread towards Essex, however, the picture has become very
different. As transport links were improved, areas such as Bethnal
Green, West Ham and Forest Gate, once small rural villages, have
been swallowed up by the capital's growth. Today, the East End is a
very different place, one of regeneration and vibrancy and great
cultural diversity. This books will help you discover its
remarkable history.
The diversity of England's Protected Wreck Sites reflects the
wealth of maritime heritage preserved under the sea and around our
coast. These sites provide a valuable source of evidence for a wide
range of past activities, and not just of those on or in the sea.
These guidelines are intended to support individuals or groups
wishing to access and/or develop projects on wreck sites designated
under Section 1 of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 in the English
Territorial Sea. The role of a voluntary Licensee and his or her
team is essential to the system that helps manage the most
significant historic wrecks in our territorial sea. As Licensees
are effectively voluntary custodians for these important sites;
this has been recognised by Historic England awarding Affiliated
Volunteer Status to Licensees and their teams. This guidance has
been updated to reflect changes to the way the protected wreck
licensing system is administered, recognise the Marine and Coastal
Access Act 2009 and publication of the UK Marine Policy Statement
in 2011. The guidance forms the approach recommended for work on
all historic wreck sites in England, not just those designated
under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973.
Building Environment looks at the interaction between building
materials and systems and their surroundings, and how this may lead
to deterioration. It presents ways of assessing remedial
treatments, and includes discussions on occupant health, and
sustainable retrofitting.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest counties.
It provides a nostalgic look at Somerset's past and highlights the
special character of some of its most important historic sites. The
photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique
collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and
documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and
local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography
to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and
medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Somerset has a
huge variety of landscapes, the flat marshlands of the Somerset
Levels contrasting with the Mendip, Quantock and Blackdown Hills
and the moorlands of Exmoor, as well as a coastline along the
Bristol Channel. Somerset was an important part of the Saxon
kingdom of Wessex and the region became prosperous in the Middle
Ages through the wool trade. Although coal mining was developed in
the north of the county and Yeovil became a centre of the aircraft
and defence industries, much of Somerset is still largely rural,
with the county town of Taunton in the heart of the county.
Somerset draws many visitors to its historic attractions, not least
the city of Bath with its Roman remains and Georgian architecture,
the cathedral city of Wells and the town of Glastonbury with its
striking Tor and abbey ruins. This book will help the reader to
discover its remarkable history.
Glass and Glazing looks at the conservation of one of the most
important building materials, and its use in windows, roofing and
walling. It considers the technological evolution of glass and
glazing systems, the processes causing deterioration, and the
practical application and long-term implications of common
conservation materials and methods, as well as of alterations to
improve performance.
Metals deals with the conservation of a group of materials that
have been used in buildings for everything from structural
components and fixings to weatherproofing, repairs, and decoration.
It covers both the iron-based and the non-ferrous metals (such as
copper, bronze and lead), in each case considering technological
evolution, deterioration processes, and the practical application
and long-term implications of the common conservation materials and
methods.
Conservation Basics examines the evolving theories and principles
that underpin building conservation in England in the 21st century,
and looks at their application in practice. The process of
conservation planning for the maintenance and repair of historic
buildings and places is described in detail, and is illustrated
through case studies. Topics include understanding and assessment,
surveys and recording, ecological considerations, planning and
managing maintenance and repair programmes, risk management,
specifying works, and contract procurement.
This illustrated history portrays one of England's finest counties.
It provides a nostalgic look at Dorset's past and highlights the
special character of some of its most important historic sites. The
photographs are taken from the Historic England Archive, a unique
collection of over 12 million photographs, drawings, plans and
documents covering England's archaeology, architecture, social and
local history. Pictures date from the earliest days of photography
to the present and cover subjects from Bronze Age burials and
medieval churches to cinemas and seaside resorts. Dorset is justly
renowned as one of the most beautiful counties in England, with a
varied landscape ranging from its Jurassic Coast to chalk and
limestone hills. The landscape of Dorset is still largely rural but
it has been shaped by its inhabitants for thousands of years, from
the Iron Age Maiden Castle to the large towns of Bournemouth and
Poole in the south-east of the county. Visitors are drawn to famous
natural landmarks on the coast such as Lulworth Cove and Durdle
Door and further west Chesil Beach and the Isle of Portland, as
well as the seaside towns of Lyme Regis, Swanage and Weymouth.
Dorchester is the county town of Dorset. Other historic towns such
as Bridport, known in the past for rope making, Shaftesbury,
Blandford Forum, Sherborne and Wareham have retained their historic
fabric but are thriving communities today.
A great deal of research and literature has been produced on
repairing concrete structures but very little aimed at conserving
the character or appearance of historic examples. This volume
offers guidance as to how that should be done. It includes a brief
history of the use of the material and explains the criteria for
listing before assessing decay mechanisms and determining
appropriate repair strategies. A bibliography and case studies are
also included.
This is an illustrated history of England's largest and most
historically diverse county. It provides a nostalgic look at
Yorkshire's ancient, medieval and industrial past, and highlights
some of its most important historic sites, as well as the changing
face of its towns and cities. The photographs are taken from the
Historic England Archive, a unique collection of over 12 million
photographs, drawings, plans and documents covering England's
archaeology, architecture, social and local history. Pictures date
from the earliest days of photography to the present and cover
subjects from Bronze Age burials and medieval churches to cinemas
and seaside resorts. Historic England: Yorkshire will explore the
four corners of the county from the industrial centre of Sheffield
to the beauty of historic York. Yorkshire is a county of huge
contrasts with vast swathes of unspoilt, beautiful countryside,
littered only with picturesque villages, and long stretches of
ever-changing coastline. West Yorkshire towns like Huddersfield,
Halifax and Bradford were the beating heart of the Industrial
Revolution and the steel towns of South Yorkshire like Doncaster,
Rotherham and Sheffield were fuelled by the coal mining industry.
The county contains two national parks, the North Yorkshire Moors
and the Yorkshire Dales, both Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
It is also filled with historic castles, cathedrals and abbeys,
including Richmond Castle, Fountains Abbey and York Minster. This
book will help you to uncover its vibrant and fascinating history.
Since the original series of Practical Building Conservation
appeared in 1988, it has become a standard reference for those
caring for historic buildings large and small: essential reading
for architects, surveyors and building managers, as well as
conservators. This new and much expanded set of 10 volumes has been
updated to provide a fully comprehensive reference featuring the
latest techniques and materials. Historic England is renowned for
its expertise in the conservation of buildings, gardens and
archaeological sites and these books are an accessible distillation
of many years of experience. They look in detail at building
materials ranging from the ancient to the modern and are studded
throughout with practical advice.
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