Since the 1980s, China has worked to develop the technology commercialization capacity of its universities. Progress has occurred, but university technology commercialization remains on the periphery of Chinese economic development. Because university technology commercialization is predominantly a 'law-based' strategy, the authors examine whether China's legal system adequately supports such efforts. Since the law does not operate in isolation, the authors conduct their analysis through the lens of China's overall innovation system. This holistic approach enables the authors first to provide a more accurate analysis of the Chinese legal system's ability to support university technology commercialization and also to generate useful insights on the strengths, weaknesses and future of the country's commercialization efforts. One of the problems with analyzing inherently complex systems - like that of China's innovation system - is the need for expertise from a very broad range of disciplines. In that vein, Shaping China's Innovation Future employs a thorough analysis of a combination of factors including: the role of law and China's legal system; economic theory and the development of China's economy; China's educational, intellectual property, and financial systems; China's innovation capacity; and Chinese culture. Though the recommendations on how to improve China's technology commercialization system are unique for China, the scope of the research makes the conclusions found here applicable to other countries facing similar challenges. This unique analysis will be of significant interest to policymakers in China and other developing countries who are seeking to increase their level of technology-based economic development; academics studying China, China's legal system, university technology transfer, national innovation systems, entrepreneurialism, international intellectual property, or international economic development; and Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs and those wishing to work with them.

Since the 1980s, China has worked to develop the technology commercialization capacity of its universities. Progress has occurred, but university technology commercialization remains on the periphery of Chinese economic development. Because university technology commercialization is predominantly a 'law-based' strategy, the authors examine whether China's legal system adequately supports such efforts. Since the law does not operate in isolation, the authors conduct their analysis through the lens of China's overall innovation system. This holistic approach enables the authors first to provide a more accurate analysis of the Chinese legal system's ability to support university technology commercialization and also to generate useful insights on the strengths, weaknesses and future of the country's commercialization efforts. One of the problems with analyzing inherently complex systems - like that of China's innovation system - is the need for expertise from a very broad range of disciplines. In that vein, Shaping China's Innovation Future employs a thorough analysis of a combination of factors including: the role of law and China's legal system; economic theory and the development of China's economy; China's educational, intellectual property, and financial systems; China's innovation capacity; and Chinese culture. Though the recommendations on how to improve China's technology commercialization system are unique for China, the scope of the research makes the conclusions found here applicable to other countries facing similar challenges. This unique analysis will be of significant interest to policymakers in China and other developing countries who are seeking to increase their level of technology-based economic development; academics studying China, China's legal system, university technology transfer, national innovation systems, entrepreneurialism, international intellectual property, or international economic development; and Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs and those wishing to work with them.

This book examines the political-economic dynamics in the development of a leading global Internet giant: Alibaba. As both a prominent example of, as well as providing the basic infrastructure for, China's outward expansion, Alibaba demonstrates the complex interplay between different state agencies and units of capital in the context of the rise of global China. Hong Shen investigates the development and expansions of Alibaba and discusses how Alibaba has not only become a leader of China's increasingly globalizing internet but has also increasingly served as a basic infrastructure model for other Chinese companies to go global. Shen also addresses how this process has been constantly shaped and reshaped by complex state-capital interactions along the way. This book shows how different units of capital, both inside and outside of China, have interacted with Alibaba's developmental strategies and illustrates how different state agencies, both domestic and international, have enabled or constrained the company's development, especially its global expansion. This book will appeal to students and scholars of critical political economy of media, global media and digital industries, communication, technology and society, and internet studies. It will also be relevant to policy-makers working in the arena of global internet and trade policies.

This book contains the combined proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing Application and Wireless Sensor Network (UCAWSN-15) and the 16th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT-15). The combined proceedings present peer-reviewed contributions from academic and industrial researchers in fields including ubiquitous and context-aware computing, context-awareness reasoning and representation, location awareness services, and architectures, protocols and algorithms, energy, management and control of wireless sensor networks. The book includes the latest research results, practical developments and applications in parallel/distributed architectures, wireless networks and mobile computing, formal methods and programming languages, network routing and communication algorithms, database applications and data mining, access control and authorization and privacy preserving computation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Parallel Architecture, Algorithm and Programming, PAAP 2017, held in Haikou, China, in June 2017. The 50 revised full papers and 7 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 192 submissions. The papers deal with research results and development activities in all aspects of parallel architectures, algorithms and programming techniques.

This book contains the combined proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing Application and Wireless Sensor Network (UCAWSN-15) and the 16th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT-15). The combined proceedings present peer-reviewed contributions from academic and industrial researchers in fields including ubiquitous and context-aware computing, context-awareness reasoning and representation, location awareness services, and architectures, protocols and algorithms, energy, management and control of wireless sensor networks. The book includes the latest research results, practical developments and applications in parallel/distributed architectures, wireless networks and mobile computing, formal methods and programming languages, network routing and communication algorithms, database applications and data mining, access control and authorization and privacy preserving computation.

In the early 1990s, almost 200 yr after Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine, a new paradigm for vaccination emerged. The conventional method of vaccination required delivery of whole pathogens or structural subunits, but in this new approach, DNA or genetic information was administered to elicit an immunological response. Once it was observed that plasmid DNA delivered in vivo led to production of an encoded transgene (1), two ground-breaking studies demonstrated that immunological responses could be generated against antigenic transgenes via plasmid DNA delivered by DNA vaccination (as this approach is called) (2,3). The appe- ance of this new vaccination strategy coincided with advances in molecular biology, which provided new tools to study and manipulate the basic elements of an organism's genome and also could also be applied to the design and production of DNA vaccines. DNA Vaccines is a major updated and enhancement of the first edition. It reviews state-of-the-art methods in DNA vaccine technology, with chapters describing DNA vaccine design, delivery systems, adjuvants, current appli- tions, methods of production, and quality control. Consistent with the approach of the Methods in Molecular Medicine series, these chapters contain detailed practical procedures on the latest DNA vaccine technology. The enthusiasm for DNA vaccine technology is made clear by the number of research studies published on this topic since the mid-1990s.

The 2004 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, - plications and Technologies (PDCAT 2004) was the ?fth annual conference, and was held at the Marina Mandarin Hotel, Singapore on December 8-10, 2004. Since the inaugural PDCAT held in Hong Kong in 2000, the conference has - come a major forum for scientists, engineers, and practitioners throughout the world to present the latest research, results, ideas, developments, techniques, and applications in all areas of parallel and distributed computing. The technical program was comprehensive and featured keynote speeches, te- nical paper presentations, and exhibitions showcased by industry vendors. The technical program committee was overwhelmed with submissions of papers for presentation, from countries worldwide. We received 242 papers and after - viewing them, based on stringent selection criteria, we accepted 173 papers. The papers in the proceedings focus on parallel and distributed computing viewed from the three perspectives of networking and architectures, software systems and technologies, and algorithms and applications. We acknowledge the great contribution from all of our local and international committee members and - perreviewerswhodevotedtheirtimeinthereviewprocessandprovidedvaluable feedback for the authors. PDCAT 2004 could never have been successful without the support and ass- tance of several institutions and many people. We sincerely appreciate the s- port from the National Grid O?ce and IEEE, Singapore for technical co-sponsorship.The?nancialsponsorshipsfromtheindustrialsponsors, Hewlett- Packard Singapore; IBM Singapore; Sun Microsystems; SANDZ Solutions; S- icon Graphics, and Advanced Digital Information Corporation, are gratefully acknowledged

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, PDCAT 2021, which took place in Guangzhou, China, during December 17-19, 2021. The 24 full papers and 34 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 97 submissions. The papers are categorized into the following topical sub-headings: networking and architectures, software systems and technologies, algorithms and applications, and security and privacy.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, PDCAT 2022, which took place in Sendai, Japan, during December 7-9, 2022. The 24 full papers and 16 short papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 95 submissions. The papers are categorized into the following topical sub-headings: Heterogeneous System (1; HPC & AI; Embedded systems & Communication; Blockchain; Deep Learning; Quantum Computing & Programming Language; Best Papers; Heterogeneous System (2); Equivalence Checking & Model checking; Interconnect; Optimization (1); Optimization (2); Privacy; and Workflow.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming, PAAP 2019, held in Guangzhou, China, in December 2019.The 39 revised full papers and 8 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 121 submissions. The papers deal with research results and development activities in all aspects of parallel architectures, algorithms and programming techniques.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 19th International Conference on CParallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, PDCAT 2018, held in Jeju Island, South Korea, in August 2018. The 35 revised full papers presented along with the 14 short papers and were carefully reviewed and selected from 150 submissions. The papers of this volume are organized in topical sections on wired and wireless communication systems, high dimensional data representation and processing, networks and information security, computing techniques for efficient networks design, electronic circuits for communication systems.

In this completely revised and updated second edition of DNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols, W. Mark Saltzman presents a comprehensive collection of DNA vaccine protocols, written by leading experts in the groundbreaking field of DNA vaccination. Divided into five sections, this volume contains state-of-the-art and practical procedures on the latest DNA vaccine technology. Part I contains DNA vaccine design protocols, focusing on methods that achieve optimal expression in host cells. Part II is dedicated to presenting methods for DNA delivery, and covers both the range of administration methods available for vaccine administration and a variety of techniques for improving the efficiency of delivery into cells. Part III discusses current available methods, including adjuvant and prime-boost approaches, for enhancing the potency of DNA vaccines. Part IV describes several key areas of application in the field, including allergy, avoidance of autoimmunity, and neonate and infant vaccine response. DNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition concludes with a review of protocols for vaccine production and purification, and applicable quality control methods.
This collection of up-to-date protocols demonstrates the tremendous progress that has been made in the field of DNA vaccination since the initial appearance of this new vaccination strategy. Given current enthusiasm for the magnificent potential for this technology among the scientific community, researchers will find tremendous value in this updated and enhanced molecular methods guide.

Functional programming languages have been proposed to enhance the clarity of programs, to increase programmer productivity, and to reduce the difficulties of program verification. However, the lack of efficient implementation on conventional architectures prevents them from being widely accepted. This book presents an approach for solving this problem. A pipelined parallel reduction system has been developed on a multiprocessor system to realize hierarchical parallel processing. The correctness, reasonability and termination of the parallel execution can be guaranteed by enriching the lambda calculus lying behind functional languages. The scheduling strategies are also investigated for balancing processor loads and reducing processor idle ratio. The results of performance evaluation have exhibited the potential of the proposed functional architecture. The author believes this book would be a useful reference for those interested in understanding the implementation of functional languages.