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This book provides a comprehensive discussion on plant responses in
hyperarid regions of Egypt, China, Mexico, and Pakistan. It
describes their location, physiographic features, accidental
vegetation along two transects, endangered vegetation species,
human impact, and variety of plant types (e.g. climbing, succulent,
and parasitic). Studies on biotic and abiotic interactions, plant
biodiversity, and soil-plant relationships are also covered.
Covering a wide range of plant conditions and adaptations, this
book analyzes what happens when plants must endure very high
temperatures and aridity. Plants have adapted by evolving their
physical structure to store and conserve water. Examples are the
absence of leaves which reduces transpiration and the growth of
extremely long roots, allowing them to acquire moisture at, or near
the water table. Plants in hyperarid habitats have also made
behavioral adaptations in order to survive by synchronizing with
the seasons of greatest moisture and/or coolest temperatures. For
example, desert perennials remain dormant during dry periods of the
year, then spring to life when water becomes available. The book
includes many color illustrations, and has extensive and up-to-date
references for further reading.
In 2008 the Supreme People's Court (SPC) has promulgated the
"Regulations on the Cause of Civil Action". The promulgation of the
Regulations has significance in various regards. It clearly signals
a new approach of the SPC to systemize and compile the status quo
of the Chinese civil law system. With the Regulations the SPC aims
to help lower courts and parties of legal actions to correctly
apply the law. It further wants to collect accurate statistical
information about court decisions and to gather these court
decisions. The SPC ultimately intents to build a systematic
collection of court decisions, which shall provide the people's
courts with a reliable data base for reference in deciding cases in
the future. This new approach of the SPC has deep impact on the
understanding of the application of law in China as it undoubtedly
reminds of the concept of writs in traditional English common law
(i.e. types of action). The research compiled in this book is
therefore going to the roots of the notion of law in China and to
the relationship between claims arising from substantive law and
the procedural arrangement to enforce these claims in civil
procedure law.
A liner conference, as a self-regulation organisational form of
liner shipping companies, constitutes a typical "hard-core cartel"
with significant anti-competitive effect. One of the main three
trade routes of liner shipping traffic is the Europe-Asia Trade, on
the two ends of which both the European Community (EC) and the
People's Republic of China (PRC) play important roles in the
international liner shipping market. However, the competition
regimes on liner conferences in both jurisdictions are not
equivalent. From a comparative point of view, this book reviews the
historical development of maritime policy and regulatory
legislation in the EC and the PRC, catches insight into the system
of regulation regime and individual provisions in substantive and
procedural meaning, and finally provides a wide-ranging perspective
on the future competition regulation in respect of the latest
developments in both jurisdictions.
This book provides readers with a comprehensive review of image
quality assessment technology, particularly applications on screen
content images, 3D-synthesized images, sonar images, enhanced
images, light-field images, VR images, and super-resolution images.
It covers topics containing structural variation analysis, sparse
reference information, multiscale natural scene statistical
analysis, task and visual perception, contour degradation
measurement, spatial angular measurement, local and global
assessment metrics, and more. All of the image quality assessment
algorithms of this book have a high efficiency with better
performance compared to other image quality assessment algorithms,
and the performance of these approaches mentioned above can be
demonstrated by the results of experiments on real-world images. On
the basis of this, those interested in relevant fields can use the
results obtained through these quality assessment algorithms for
further image processing. The goal of this book is to facilitate
the use of these image quality assessment algorithms by engineers
and scientists from various disciplines, such as optics,
electronics, math, photography techniques and computation
techniques. The book can serve as a reference for graduate students
who are interested in image quality assessment techniques, for
front-line researchers practicing these methods, and for domain
experts working in this area or conducting related application
development.
Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters BCI (WoS). This special issue
covers mainly electrospinning, vibration-electrospinning, bubble
electrospinning and blown bubble spinning, and it is a good
reference not only for materials science, but also for various
communities in physics, nanotechnology and chemistry.
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