This volume details up-to-date information and attempts to take the reader into the exciting realm of TGF- from the basic principles to the practical applications. Chapters provide basic introduction of TGF- signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus, methods and techniques for the investigation of TGF- signaling mechanism including receptors, Smads, intracellular kinases, microRNA, epigenetic regulation, post-translational regulations, non-Smad pathway; the physiological implications including those in cell cycle arrest, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, endothelial cells, adipogenesis, Th differentiation, stem cell, bone remodeling, ovary, zebrofish development, and frog animal capping; and the methodologies including metastasis imaging, 3D morphogenesis, membrane receptor quantification, conditional knockout, bone remodeling, kinase and phosphatase assays, BiFC interaction assays, and genome-wide siRNA screen. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, TGF-Beta Signaling: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

More than 40 articles provide an extensive coverage of clinical and basic science advances over the last three years of research on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injuries. Early brain injury, the new frontier of subarachnoid research, which may be a key contributor to the high mortality and morbidity, promotes collaborative efforts from neurosurgery, neurology, neuro-ICU into other interrelated fields and basic neurosciences. For the first time, subarachnoid hermorrhage research is almost equally divided by early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm, mechanistic investigations and therapeutic approaches, demonstrating a translational feature of the future direction.

More than 40 articles provide an extensive coverage of clinical and basic science advances over the last three years of research on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injuries. Early brain injury, the new frontier of subarachnoid hemorrhage research, which may be a key contributor to the high mortality and morbidity, promotes collaborative efforts from neurosurgery, neurology, neuro-ICU into other interrelated fields and basic neurosciences. For the first time, subarachnoid hemorrhage research is almost equally divided by early brain injury and cerebral vasospasm, mechanistic investigations and therapeutic approaches, demonstrating a translational feature of the future direction.

In this book, leading world authorities on brain edema and neurological disorders/injuries and experts in preconditioning join forces to discuss the latest progress in basic sciences, translational research, and clinical management strategies relating to these conditions. The range of topics covered is wide, including microglia, energy metabolism, trace metals and ion channels, vascular biology, cellular treatment, hemorrhagic stroke, novel technological advances, anesthesia and medical gases, pediatric brain edema, neuroimaging, behavioral assessment, clinical trials, peripheral to central signaling pathways, preconditioning translation, and animal models for preconditioning and brain edema research. The book comprises presentations from Brain Edema 2014, the joint meeting of the 16th International Conference on Brain Edema and Cellular Injury and the 3rd Symposium on Preconditioning for Neurological Disorders, held in Los Angeles on September 27-30, 2014.