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Mycotoxins can affect human health directly or indirectly (food
chain). The mycotoxin causes human illness by acting as
immunosuppressive and carcinogenic agent when ingested with
different food items. Mycoses are the best-known diseases of fungal
etiology and its toxic secondary metabolites also cause important
health hazards. Thus, it concludes that mycotoxins pose an
important risk factor to human as well as animal health. This study
will help in better understandings about effects of mycotoxins on
birds' health. The present study was designed to investigate
pathological and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxinB1 (AFB1)
and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler chicks. Study was conducted on
270 broiler chicks. After exposure of mycotoxin, kidney and liver
showed significant increase in weight. Serum alanine
aminotransferase and total serum proteins were significantly
increased and decreased, respectively. Serum urea and creatinine
were significantly increased after exposure. This all increased
their susceptibility to infections. This study suggested that AFB1
& OTA show synergistic effects in developing different
pathological changes in the body of chicks.
The prevalence and characterization of pathogenic bacteria from
fish cultured in ponds fertilized with organic manures was studied.
Almost the same type of bacterial species were isolated from
organic manures, ponds water and organs of fish. Chicken manure
supported more bacterial species as proved by its high total
aerobic bacterial count than cow manure. Total aerobic bacterial
count differed significantly in different organs of fish in three
ponds except in case of liver. High prevalence of Aeromonas sp. was
found in all systems except in chicken manure treated pond, where
Pseudomonas sp. was higher in percentage. Water and organic manures
were the main source of Aeromonas sp, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas
sp. Chicken manure was source of Proteus sp. and Serratia sp. while
Serratia sp. was also isolated from cow manures. Zoonotic pathogens
isolated from fish are important from veterinary public health
point of view and a broad spectrum research is highly called for.
These bacteria cause diseases including haemorrhage, fin rot, skin
necrosis, chronic lesions on caudal fin, epizootic ulcerative
syndrome and septicaemia in fish.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) develops frequently in
patients with "End Stage Renal Disease" because the production of
1, 25 (OH) 2- vitamin D (calcitriol) decreases in the kidneys.
That's why patients may develop osteodystrophy or osteomalacia. The
functional role of vitamin D3 under normal body condition is to
regulate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and
release. Parameters such as calcium, phosphate and vitamin D3 act
upon PTH. In normal subjects, the homeostasis of these parameters
is strongly interconnected but in renal failure, the metabolism of
each of these parameters may be deregulated. The diseased kidney is
unable to produce vital hormone that is called erythropoietin which
increases synthesis of red blood cells. The anemic condition is
seen in CKD (chronic kidney disease) because erythropoietin
production become reduced. In Pakistan, CKD patients are
continuously increasing annually. We conducted a blood and
serosurvey study in Lahore metropolitan city of Punjab, Pakistan to
see the co-relation between SHPT and CKD. This epidemiological
research of public health will be beneficial for onward broad
demographic surveillance programs.
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