Mycotoxins can affect human health directly or indirectly (food chain). The mycotoxin causes human illness by acting as immunosuppressive and carcinogenic agent when ingested with different food items. Mycoses are the best-known diseases of fungal etiology and its toxic secondary metabolites also cause important health hazards. Thus, it concludes that mycotoxins pose an important risk factor to human as well as animal health. This study will help in better understandings about effects of mycotoxins on birds' health. The present study was designed to investigate pathological and immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxinB1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler chicks. Study was conducted on 270 broiler chicks. After exposure of mycotoxin, kidney and liver showed significant increase in weight. Serum alanine aminotransferase and total serum proteins were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. Serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased after exposure. This all increased their susceptibility to infections. This study suggested that AFB1 & OTA show synergistic effects in developing different pathological changes in the body of chicks.

The prevalence and characterization of pathogenic bacteria from fish cultured in ponds fertilized with organic manures was studied. Almost the same type of bacterial species were isolated from organic manures, ponds water and organs of fish. Chicken manure supported more bacterial species as proved by its high total aerobic bacterial count than cow manure. Total aerobic bacterial count differed significantly in different organs of fish in three ponds except in case of liver. High prevalence of Aeromonas sp. was found in all systems except in chicken manure treated pond, where Pseudomonas sp. was higher in percentage. Water and organic manures were the main source of Aeromonas sp, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Chicken manure was source of Proteus sp. and Serratia sp. while Serratia sp. was also isolated from cow manures. Zoonotic pathogens isolated from fish are important from veterinary public health point of view and a broad spectrum research is highly called for. These bacteria cause diseases including haemorrhage, fin rot, skin necrosis, chronic lesions on caudal fin, epizootic ulcerative syndrome and septicaemia in fish.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) develops frequently in patients with "End Stage Renal Disease" because the production of 1, 25 (OH) 2- vitamin D (calcitriol) decreases in the kidneys. That's why patients may develop osteodystrophy or osteomalacia. The functional role of vitamin D3 under normal body condition is to regulate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and release. Parameters such as calcium, phosphate and vitamin D3 act upon PTH. In normal subjects, the homeostasis of these parameters is strongly interconnected but in renal failure, the metabolism of each of these parameters may be deregulated. The diseased kidney is unable to produce vital hormone that is called erythropoietin which increases synthesis of red blood cells. The anemic condition is seen in CKD (chronic kidney disease) because erythropoietin production become reduced. In Pakistan, CKD patients are continuously increasing annually. We conducted a blood and serosurvey study in Lahore metropolitan city of Punjab, Pakistan to see the co-relation between SHPT and CKD. This epidemiological research of public health will be beneficial for onward broad demographic surveillance programs.