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This book presents the results of studies that determine the most
effective ways for human development, ensuring a decent life, and
preserving natural resources within the framework of the defined
issues. Russia is a participant of the United Nations Global
Agreement on implementing sustainable development, adopted in 2015.
Russia is a large country, both in terms of population and
territory, that can significantly influence the achievement of
sustainable development goals. Russia is actively promoting social
responsibility practices and sustainable development among
scientists, specialists, and students. The presented articles
highlight the main problems in ecology, economy, education, and
law; and analyses the opportunities and prospects in achieving
sustainable development goals in the context of modern conditions.
The photorefractive effect is one of the highest-sensitivity
non-linear optical effects. The rate of progress in the development
of photorefractive applications has been limited by the rate in
which breakthroughs in materials science have supplied better
wide-bandgap semiconductor materials. The last few years have seen
an upsurge of interest in characterisation of new wide-bandgap
semiconductor materials. Holographic recording in wide-bandgap
photorefractive materials is of particular interest from the
scientific and practical point of view. Such a recording includes
the stage of space charge formation, which is associated with the
spatial redistribution of photoinduced carriers. A number of new
methods studying the dynamics of space charge and photoconductivity
in wide-bandgap semiconductors were proposed during recent years.
This book deals with the so-called non-steady-state photo-EMF
effect and its applications for material characterization and
adaptive interferometry. The first part of the book discusses the
theory of the non-steady-state photo-EMF effect. The second part of
the book describes the application of the non-steady-state
photo-EMF effect for the investigation of wide- bandgap
semiconductors and nanostructured materials, including
photorefractive sillenites grown in the air and argon atmosphere,
molecular crystal SnS2, boron nitride crystals, nano-sized GaN and
Se within porous matrices, SiC, AlN and Ga2O3 crystals. The third
part of the book presents a theoretical analysis and experimental
investigation of the non-steady-state photoelectromotive force and
two-wave mixing in photorefractive crystals under
frequency-modulated illumination. The final part of the book
describes adaptive interferometers using the effect of the
non-steady-state photo-EMF. This book has been written to be
accessible to specialists working in solid state physics,
semiconductor physics and adaptive inter-ferometry, laser-based
ultrasound. The subject areas include: Photorefractive non-linear
optics, dynamic holography, interferometry, wide-bandgap
semiconductors and laser-doppler velocimetry. References to over
200 original papers represent the personal selections of the
authors, who are grateful to all of their colleagues for their
assistance and contributions. The authors acknowledge the financial
support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 15-12-00027).
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