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Policymakers across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have
long tried to integrate their people spatially and economically.
Wishing to bring communities together and narrow economic gaps,
governments have made large capital investments in transport
corridors and "new cities." Hoping to provide jobs in places with
little economic activity, governments have designated new
industrial zones supported by spatially targeted business
incentives. Yet the results of these place-based initiatives in
MENA are limited. The disparities between capital cities and
lagging areas, and between richer and poorer quarters of cities,
remain stark. Across much of the region, a fortunate few are
connected to opportunity, while many more people are marginal to
the formal economy--or live outside it, seemingly forgotten. Why
have place-based spatial initiatives in MENA countries largely
underdelivered not yielding more sustainable jobs and growth? While
the challenges are many and vary across the region, this report
explains that many of these place-based policies get one thing
wrong: they attempt to treat inequity's spatial and physical
symptoms, not its causes. This report presents the five roots of
spatial inequity in institutional inefficiencies across MENA--urban
regulatory frictions, credentialist education systems, centralized
control over local public services, barriers to the spatial
mobility of goods and people, and barriers to market entry and
lop-sided business environments - within cities, within countries,
and across national borders. It proposes five transitional steps
toward enabling convergence informed by economic geography.
The fourth edition of IFC's Food Safety Handbook is a step-by-step
guide to help food sector businesses large or small establish or
improve food safety systems. Written in easy-to-follow English and
supplemented with useful tools for food safety management system
implementation.
This handbook addresses the challenges that agribusiness companies
face when working with smallholder suppliers in their value chain.
This country assessment is part of a set of studies planned in
order to provide a better understanding of how to improve the
business environment in which the private sector operates in Congo
and other African countries. The assessment was conducted in order
to establish a baseline of information, to help with political
decision-making and provide market information. The private health
sector assessment in the Republic of Congo provides a diagnosis of
the nature and the effectiveness of the interface between the
public and private sectors, establishes a dialogue on policy with
stakeholders, and makes recommendations for reform that would
bolster public and private involvement. The methodology is based on
a supply and demand approach to identify market, policy and
institutional barriers, and options for reducing these barriers by
changing policies and initiatives. The information pertaining to
demand reveals how users perceive private providers and their
potential. The information pertaining to supply gives a better
understanding of the role that private providers play and the
challenges they encounter. The institutional information shows how
Congo s institutions have facilitated or hampered the private
participation. The study methodology includes the following
aspects: (i) presentation of the general context of the private
health sector in Congo, (ii) multidimensional analysis of demand,
(iii) multidimensional analysis of supply, and (iv) analysis of
institutional context. Options for action presented in this report
include (i) policy and governance initiatives, (ii) regulatory
initiatives, (iii) incentive initiatives, and (iv) concrete
measures for public-private partnerships (PPP) in the health
sector."
Working with Smallholders seeks to enable the development of more
sustainable, resilient and productive supply chains for
agribusinesses and to illustrate the substantial development
impact. Smallholder farmers are both an opportunity and a challenge
for food and agribusiness companies. The predominance of
smallholders in many frontier and emerging markets makes them an
integral part of agribusiness supply chains. Many firms source from
smallholders or are actively seeking to source from them. Calls for
fairer, more inclusive supply chains will hasten this trend. Yet
the development and strengthening of smallholder supply chains
remains a key challenge for many International Finance Corporation
agribusiness clients. Working with Smallholders compiles innovative
solutions and cutting-edge ideas for these challenges. The handbook
incorporates a diverse collection of hands-on case studies from
across the world regions covering a wide variety of agribusiness
sectors. It strikes a good balance between serious technical
content and an accessible presentation style. In the three years
since the previous edition, there have been numerous changes in
approaches and methodologies. This second edition offers a larger
compilation of lessons learned from project implementation and
highlights leading trends and technologies relevant to the work
with smallholders.
La presente evaluation du secteur sanitaire prive au Burkina Faso
vise quatre objectifs : a) determiner le role que le secteur prive
joue dans le systeme national de sante ; b) formuler un diagnostic
sur la nature et l'efficacite de l'interface entre secteurs public
et prive ainsi que sur les cadres juridique, reglementaire,
technique et humain dans lequel evolue ce secteur ; c) formuler des
recommandations au Gouvernement, renforcer le dialogue entre les
parties prenantes impliquees dans les secteurs public et prive ; et
d) informer les entrepreneurs de la finance, de l'assurance, de
l'investissement et des operateurs, africains ou non, et susciter
leur interet a participer au developpement du secteur prive de la
sante au Burkina Faso. La methodologie de l'etude s'est appuyee sur
des informations obtenues selon trois modalites : a) une analyse du
corpus documentaire disponible ; b) des entretiens approfondis et
des " focus groups " organises avec des prestataires impliques dans
les quatre domaines d'analyse etudies ; c) une enquete realisee
aupres d'un echantillon de 79 ESPS representatifs de la diversite
des structures existantes et des contextes (geographiques
notamment) dans lesquels ils interviennent, a l'aide d'un sondage
stratifie a deux degres ; et d) l'animation de trois ateliers
d'engagement avec les representants des secteurs public et prive
destines a presenter la methodologie de l'evaluation, a discuter de
ses principaux resultats, a identifier les principaux defis et a
elaborer un plan d'action afin de mieux integrer le secteur prive
dans le systeme de sante burkinabe et ameliorer ainsi les resultats
en matiere de sante. Les principaux elements de diagnostic discutes
dans cette etude concernent l'offre de soins, la formation, les
medicaments et produits relatifs a la sante, l'assurance et le
financement, et l'environnement. Finalement le plan d'action issu
du travail participatif en groupes lors des ateliers et propose au
Gouvernement est articule autour de trois axes : (i) le cadre
strategique et le dialogue politique, (ii) l'environnement des
affaires, (iii) le developpement d'initiatives concretes de
partenariat public-prive.
China's economy has grown rapidly over the past decade. At the same
time, it has undergone a fundamental change, from complete reliance
on state-owned and collective enterprise to a mixed economy where
private enterprise also plays a strong role. By 1998 the domestic
private sector had grown to about 27 percent of gross domestic
product, making it second to the state enterprise sector in
economic importance. A constitutional amendment in 1999 formally
recognized this shift, thereby laying the foundation for the
private sector to emerge from the shadows and play a prominent role
in China's future development. This study was undertaken in
partnership with the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) and
draws on fieldwork in China in the summer of 1999, along with
discussions at a conference in Beijing in April 2000. It also draws
on IFC's and the World Bank Group's global experience in promoting
private sector development. It offers business owners, managers,
and policymakers assistance in identifying an action agenda to help
reduce present constraints and enhance the available opportunities.
Governments in both industrialized and developing countries provide
a wide variety of programs to assist small- and medium-scale
enterprises (SMEs). Despite the success of SME strategies in a few
countries, the majority of developing countries have found that the
impact of their SME development programs on enterprise performance
has been less than satisfactory. Underlying the search for best
practice are some basic questions: - What is the justification for
public intervention in the first place? - Should SMEs be singled
out for assistance? - If there is a justification for government
intervention, what form should that intervention take? This paper
investigates the economic rationale for intervention in support of
small- and medium-scale enterprises, on both theoretical and
empirical grounds. It also suggests a framework for SME
intervention to help the Bank Group's client countries design SME
strategies, gauge the effectiveness of assistance programs, and
achieve the objective of raising SME competitiveness. This volume
will be of interest to government officials and development
agencies involved in SME support policies and programs.
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