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Livestock is an important component of agriculture sector and
contributes colossally in the national economy of Pakistan. Among
livestock water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is very important because
of its high milk yield to meet the protein requirement of the
growing Pakistani population. However, gastrointestinal trematodes
parasite especially Gastrothylax crumenifer is a main cause for
health hazards in buffalo of central Punjab. In this study
prevalence and identification of Gastrothylax crumenifer was
carried out by visiting local abattoirs of Rawalpindi-Islamabad. A
total of 265 rumens and reticulum of buffaloes was examined for the
presence of Gastrothylax crumenifer. The trematodes were preserved
in 70% alcohol for identification based on its morphological
characteristics. The results of present study revealed that 18.8
percent Gastrothylax crumenifer infection was recorded in central
Punjab. The correlation between worm burden and area was found to
be non-significant (p > 0.05) indicating the presence of
trematode in all districts of study area.
Livestock is an important component of agriculture sector of
Pakistan and contributing significantly in its national economy.
However, gastrointestinal trematodes parasite especially
Paramphistomum cervi is accountable for health hazards in buffalo
of central Punjab. In this study prevalence and identification of
Paramphistomum cervi was carried out by visiting local abattoirs of
Rawalpindi-Islamabad. A total of 289 rumens and reticulum of
buffaloes was examined for the presence of Paramphistomum cervi.
The trematodes were preserved in 70% alcohol for identification
based on its morphological characteristics. The results of present
study revealed that out of 17.3 percent Paramphistomum cervi
infection was recorded in central Punjab. The correlation between
worm burden and area was found to be non-significant (p > 0.05)
indicating the presence of trematode in all districts of study
area.There are several factors contributing in the survival and
development of P. cervi in central Punjab including the
availability of fresh water snails serving as intermediate host,
existence of extensive water channel system and poor grazing
management of animals being practices in these areas.
The topic of the research was comparative study between PIA and
Emirates on service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose
of the research was to investigate the relationship between two
variables. The sample size of the research was sixty (60). The tool
for data collection was a well designed questionnaire. Five point
Likert (1-5) scale was used to measure the responses. Simple random
sampling technique was used to collect data. Initially descriptive
statistics was used and frequency distribution for questions was
established. In the second phase, the effect of different
indicators of service quality on customer satisfaction was analyzed
through correlation. It was concluded that customer satisfaction is
positively related with the service quality. The present study
showed that the correlation values for Reliability, Assurance,
Responsiveness, Empathy, Tangible, Food and Entertainment of
Emirates were greater than PIA which indicated better service
quality of Emirates. The results revealed that the organization
must focus on all these indicators of service quality in order to
maximize the customer satisfaction.
The data about the major causes of hypertension of approximately
one hundred patients of hypertension was collected by interviewing
them at Sughra Shafih Medical Complex, Narowal. The data had been
analysed to determine the relative occurrence and incidence of
hypertension and effects of various causes. The analysis shows that
hypertensive patients were more prevalent (60%, n=60/100), and non
hypertensive patients were less prevalent (40%, n=40/100). The
prevalence of hypertension was more in females (64.00%) as compared
to males (34.00%). The major risk factors of hypertension were
diabetes, obesity and over weight, tension, smoking. Some females
were hypertensive during pregnancy. High cholesterol level also
contributes to hypertension. In our sample out of hypertensive
patients 42% were diabetic, 25% were obese, 10% were smokers, 16.6%
were hypertensive because to tension and 7% females were
hypertensive during pregnancy. Known as "the silent killer," it may
exist for prolonged periods in the individual without symptoms and
may manifest only after causing serious irreversible pathology and
complications.
Birds of prey had a large home range and inhabit areas which were
far away from human access. It was difficult to estimate their
population as they were distributed over large area. Kites (Milvus
migrans) often gathered in large communal roosts during migration
and at the site where food was abundant and breeding colonies. The
present study was done to estimate the population of kites in
Lahore District. Roost Count Method was used for population
estimation. Four sites were visited and there population was
estimated, it was found that an average of 356 kites were present
on an average at any roost.
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