This book provides detailed and accurate information on the history, structure, operation, benefits and advanced structures of silicon MESFET, along with modeling and analysis of the device. The authors explain the detailed physics that are important in modeling of SOI-MESFETs, and present the derivations of compact model expressions so that users can recognize the physical meaning of the model equations and parameters. The discussion also includes advanced structures for SOI-MESFET for submicron applications.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most important fields in science. Nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of bulk materials, due to their small size and better architecture. Nanoparticles can be used to construct novel sensing devices; in particular electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical detection is highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cancer cells, cholesterol and infectious diseases. Unique nanocomposite-based films proposed in this book open new doors to the design and fabrication of high-performance electrochemical sensors.

Micro-ring resonators (MRRs) are employed to generate signals used for optical communication applications, where they can be integrated in a single system. These structures are ideal candidates for very large-scale integrated (VLSI) photonic circuits, since they provide a wide range of optical signal processing functions while being ultra-compact. Soliton pulses have sufficient stability for preservation of their shape and velocity. Technological progress in fields such as tunable narrow band laser systems, multiple transmission, and MRR systems constitute a base for the development of new transmission techniques. Controlling the speed of a light signal has many potential applications in fiber optic communication and quantum computing. The slow light effect has many important applications and is a key technology for all optical networks such as optical signal processing. Generation of slow light in MRRs is based on the nonlinear optical fibers. Slow light can be generated within the micro-ring devices, which will be able to be used with the mobile telephone. Therefore, the message can be kept encrypted via quantum cryptography. Thus perfect security in a mobile telephone network is plausible. This research study involves both numerical experiments and theoretical work based on MRRs for secured communication.

This Brief highlights different approaches used to create stable cellulase and its use in different fields. Cellulase is an industrial enzyme with a broad range of significant applications in biofuel production and cellulosic waste management. Cellulase 7a from Trichoderma reesei is the most efficient enzyme in the bio hydrolysis of cellulose. In order to improve its thermal stability, it can be engineered using a variety of approaches, such as hydrophobic interactions, aromatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ion pairs and disulfide bridge creation.

The title explain new technique of secured and high capacity optical communication signals generation by using the micro and nano ring resonators. The pulses are known as soliton pulses which are more secured due to having the properties of chaotic and dark soliton signals with ultra short bandwidth. They have high capacity due to the fact that ring resonators are able to generate pulses in the form of solitons in multiples and train form. These pulses generated by ring resonators are suitable in optical communication due to use the compact and integrated rings system, easy to control, flexibility, less loss, application in long distance communication and many other advantages. Using these pulses overcome the problems such as losses during the propagation, long distances, error detection, using many repeaters or amplifiers, undetectable received signals, pulse broadening, overlapping and so on. This book show how to generate soliton pulses using ring resonators in the micro and nano range which can be used in optical communication to improve the transmission technique and quality of received signals in networks such as WiFi and wireless communication.

Micro-ring resonators (MRRs) are employed to generate signals used for optical communication applications, where they can be integrated in a single system. These structures are ideal candidates for very large-scale integrated (VLSI) photonic circuits, since they provide a wide range of optical signal processing functions while being ultra-compact. Soliton pulses have sufficient stability for preservation of their shape and velocity. Technological progress in fields such as tunable narrow band laser systems, multiple transmission, and MRR systems constitute a base for the development of new transmission techniques. Controlling the speed of a light signal has many potential applications in fiber optic communication and quantum computing. The slow light effect has many important applications and is a key technology for all optical networks such as optical signal processing. Generation of slow light in MRRs is based on the nonlinear optical fibers. Slow light can be generated within the micro-ring devices, which will be able to be used with the mobile telephone. Therefore, the message can be kept encrypted via quantum cryptography. Thus perfect security in a mobile telephone network is plausible. This research study involves both numerical experiments and theoretical work based on MRRs for secured communication.

This book investigates the effect of sintering temperature on willemite based glass-ceramic doped with different content of Er2O3. It is the first to report research on producing willemite by using waste materials and using trivalent erbium (Er3+) as a dopant. This book provides a survey of the literature on glass and glass-ceramic, while comprehensive experiments and analysis have been performed on the material used.

This book describes Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and the significant factors which affect its adoption, such as governance, strategy, complexity, Return on Investment (ROI), business and IT alignment, culture and communication, costs, and security. The study on which this book is based, involved a quantitative analysis to investigate the influential factors for adopting SOA, paving the way to further research in the field.

This book demonstrates the implementation of an automated measuring system for very efficient measurement of chromatic dispersion, which uses a modulation phase shift method over long haul of optical single mode fiber. The authors show how a new scheme for measuring chromatic dispersion is adopted in conjunction with a tunable laser (TLS), providing the optical power at required wavelength and digital oscilloscope (DOSC) for measuring the phase difference between microwave signals from transmitter and microwave signals at the receiver. This is a novel approach for real-time chromatic dispersion in optical systems such as optical fibers. The setup used is very simple, accurate and cost effective, compared to other methods such as direct measurement, differential mode delay, polarization mode dispersion measurement and phase delay method.

This book focuses on the analysis and treatment of osteoporotic bone based on drug administration, tracking fatigue behavior and taking into consideration the mechanical interaction of implants with trabecular bone. Weak trabeculae are one of the most important clinical features that need to be addressed in order to prevent hip joint fractures.

This brief analyzes the characteristics of a microring resonator (MRR) to perform communication using ultra-short soliton pulses. The raising of nonlinear refractive indices, coupling coefficients and radius of the single microring resonator leads to decrease in input power and round trips wherein the bifurcation occurs. As a result, bifurcation or chaos behaviors are seen at lower input power of 44 W, where the nonlinear refractive index is n2=3.2x10 20 m2/W. Using a decimal convertor system, these ultra-short signals can be converted into quantum information. Results show that multi solitons with FWHM and FSR of 10 pm and 600 pm can be generated respectively. The multi optical soliton with FWHM and FSR of 325 pm and 880 nm can be incorporated with a time division multiple access (TDMA) system wherein the transportation of quantum information is performed.

Nonlinear behavior of light such as chaos can be observed during propagation of a laser beam inside the microring resonator (MRR) systems. This Brief highlights the design of a system of MRRs to generate a series of logic codes. An optical soliton is used to generate an entangled photon. The ultra-short soliton pulses provide the required communication signals to generate a pair of polarization entangled photons required for quantum keys. In the frequency domain, MRRs can be used to generate optical millimetre-wave solitons with a broadband frequency of 0-100 GHz. The soliton signals are multiplexed and modulated with the logic codes to transmit the data via a network system. The soliton carriers play critical roles to transmit the data via an optical communication link and provide many applications in secured optical communications. Therefore, transmission of data information can be performed via a communication network using soliton pulse carriers. A system known as optical multiplexer can be used to increase the channel capacity and security of the signals.

This book discusses the enhancement of efficiency in currently used solar cells. The authors have characterized different structures of the solar cell system to optimize system parameters, particularly the performance of the Copper-Tin-Sulphide solar cell using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). This research can help scientist to overcome the current limitations and build up new designs of the system with higher efficiency and greater functionality. The authors have investigated the corresponding samples from various viewpoints, including structural (crystallinity, composition and surface morphology), optical (UV-vis-near-IR transmittance/reflectance spectra) and electrical resistivity properties. Describes investigations on Cu2SnS3 solar cells and prospective low cost absorber layer of thin film solar cells; Discusses the potential device structure of Copper-Tin-Sulphide based on thin film technologies; Explains solar cell structure optimization to perform a higher conversion efficiency of Copper-Tin-Sulphide.

Due to the limitation of the electrical OFDM signal and electrical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), all-optical OFDMs have recently received much attention. Accordingly, this research study was conducted to investigate the effect of phase noise in the performance of an all-optical OFDM transmission system with 4-point FFT single mode fiber (SMF) links by considering the effects of fiber length, input laser power and a number of channels. In all optical systems, the transmitter side consists of a comb power generator, wavelength selected switch and an optical QAM generator. A comb power generator generates channels with a frequency separation of f=25 GHz. Subsequently, a Wavelength Selected Switch (WSS) was used to split subcarriers and then the subcarriers were modulated individually with Optical QAM modulators. As the results show, a higher number of channels led more phase noise in terms of XPM and FWM nonlinearities, and signal power was the main factor in nonlinear fiber optics. As a consequence, there is more phase noise distortion at a higher signal power for a higher number of channels rather than the lower number of channels.

The purpose of this book was to investigate the temperature and input energy dependency of Nd:YAG laser performance pumped by flashlamp. A commercial laser rod Nd:YAG laser crystal was utilized as a gain medium. The laser rod was placed parallel to a linear flashlamp filled by xenon gas at 450 Torr. The Nd:YAG crystal together with the flashlamp was flooded with a coolant comprising of a mixture with 60% ethylene glycol and 40% distilled water, which covers a range of temperature from -30oC to +60oC. Spectroscopic properties of the Nd:YAG rod under pulsed flashlamp pumping was investigated from the output fluorescence spectrum of the flashlamp radiation and the Nd:YAG rod. The linewidth of each fluorescence line was measured for an estimation of an effective emission cross section and saturation intensity. The influence of temperature and input energy on a fluorescence emission cross section of Nd3+:YAG crystal was studied. The cross-section was found to decrease as the temperature and the input energy was increased. The inter-stark emission showed a Lorentzian line shape indicating homogeneous broadening. This was attributed to the thermal broadening mechanism of the emission line. The spectral widths and shifts of the emission lines for the three and four level inter-Stark transitions within the respective intermanifold transitions of 4F3/2 4I9/2 and 4F3/2 4I11/2 were investigated over the range of 0 to 75 J. The emission lines for the 4F3/2 4I9/2 transitions shifted towards a longer wavelength and broadened, while the positions and linewidths for the 4F3/2 4I11/2 transitions remained unchanged with the increase of input energy. Finally, the temperature dependence of quasi-three-level laser transitions for long pulse Nd:YAG laser was also investigated. The laser performances at both 938.5 nm and 946.0 nm were also found to be inversely proportional to temperature, and the slope efficiency was unchanged with temperature. The reduction was due to the mechanism of phonon scattering as well as a broadening effect while the temperature increased.

This book consists of two parts. The first part is on the development of the proposition that if there exists a type of function, then there exists a functional with the same type based on the proposition of the inheritance and generalizability properties of a function in a functional. This study presents the abstract convex, increasing positively homogeneous and convex-along-rays functionals via this proposition. The second part concerns the investigation of the use of a global search optimization algorithm called the Cutting Angle Method (CAM) on Optimal Control Problems (OCP). Many algorithms are available for solving OCP, but they are basically local search algorithms. To overcome the problem associated with local searches, most OCP are modeled as Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problems in the hope that the solution found estimates of the true global solution to the original problem. However, in doing so, a lot of information carried by the original problem might be lost in its translation into LQR models. CAM being a global search algorithm is expected to overcome this problem. It can be used alone or in combination with a local search to find the global solution. CAM has been successfully used on functions, however, OCP are functionals. To do this, a model has been introduced based on inheritance and generalizability properties to demonstrate that the optimization algorithms that are used for functions can also be extended for use in functionals. Based on these properties, the study discovered that with the Unit Vectors Combinations Technique (UVCT) proposed in this research, CAM could successfully work on functionals in general and OCP particularly. To help speed up the convergence of CAM, the literature proposed the use of local searches for the determination of the initial solution. In a case study done in the research, CAM was successfully combined with a local search known as the Dynamic Integrated System Optimization and Parameter Estimation (DISOPE) algorithm. Moreover, the initial solution given by the DISOPE algorithm has been verified as a global influence by CAM.

This research consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the development of the proposition that if there exists a type of function, then there exists a functional with the same type based on the proposition of the Inheritance and Generalizability properties of the function in a functional. This study presents the abstract convex, increasing positively homogeneous and convex-along-rays functionals via this proposition. The second part is on the investigation of the global search optimization algorithm use called the Cutting Angle Method (CAM) on Optimal Control Problems (OCP). Many algorithms are available for solving OCP, but they are basically local search algorithms. To overcome the problem associated with local searches, most OCP are modelled as Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problems in the hope that the solution found estimates the true global solution of the original problem. However, in doing so, a lot of information carried by the original problem might be lost in its translation into LQR models. CAM being a global search algorithm is expected to overcome this problem. It can be used alone or in combination with a local search to find the global solution. CAM has been successfully used on functions; however, OCPs are functionals. To do this, a model has been introduced based on Inheritance and Generalizability properties to demonstrate that the optimization algorithms which are used for functions can also be extended for use in functionals. Based on these properties, the study discovered that with the Unit Vectors Combinations Technique (UVCT) proposed in this research, and CAM could successfully work on functionals in general and with OCP particularly. To help speed up the convergence of CAM, the literature proposed the use of local searches for the determination of the initial solution. In a case study done in the research, CAM was successfully combined with a local search named the Dynamic Integrated System Optimization and Parameter Estimation (DISOPE) algorithm. Moreover, the initial solution given by DISOPE algorithm has been verified as global by CAM.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most important fields in science. Nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of bulk materials, due to their small size and better architecture. Nanoparticles can be used to construct novel sensing devices; in particular electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical detection is highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cancer cells, cholesterol and infectious diseases. Unique nanocomposite-based films proposed in this book open new doors to the design and fabrication of high-performance electrochemical sensors.