Pensions and retirement saving plans have helped millions of households build financial security. But tens of millions of people have been left behind, without access to these wealth accumulation vehicles. For many others, the plans they have do not ensure financial security in retirement.The problems that underlie these failures can be addressed. This book proposes concrete, practical ways to make dependable retirement income accessible for all Americans not just those with means. Individual accounts have eclipsed traditional pensions as the primary vehicle for retirement saving in the United States a shift that underlies many sources of retirement insecurity. The 401(k) plan and similar accounts have increased financial security for many people but have done nothing for millions more. Many of those who do have such plans are burdened with the need to make numerous saving, investment, and withdrawal decisions that stress their financial acumen. Financial advice that is unbiased, unconflicted, and affordable is often difficult to find. Managing wealth in retirement especially the need to convert retirement savings into steady income poses significant challenges that current financial instruments and practices do not adequately address. Economic downturns like the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic increase financial insecurity and make addressing these issues more urgent. Written by noted experts in the field, Wealth After Work offers practical solutions that address these concerns. The proposals show how policymakers can help all Americans gain access to retirement savings accounts, obtain better information about their savings choices, and better manage their wealth in retirement. By proposing solutions that build on, rather than replace the existing system, the book provides a nuanced, practical guide to reform that would benefit all Americans.

"Automatic" offers an innovative new way to think about how Americans can save for retirement.

Over the past quarter century, America's pension system has shifted away from defined benefit plans and toward defined contribution savings programs such as 401(k)s and IRAs. There is much to be done to improve the defined contribution system. Many workers fail to participate and those who do often contribute too little, invest the funds poorly, and are not adequately prepared to manage funds while in retirement.

To resolve these problems, the authors propose that employees should be automatically enrolled into a 401(k) plan when they are hired, with the right to opt out, change the amount that they contribute, or change investment choices if they choose. If the employer does not sponsor a 401(k) or similar retirement plan, they would be enrolled in a payroll deduction Automatic IRA. This vision of a transformed defined contribution system incorporates key positive features of defined benefit plans to improve retirement security. Employess contributions would increase over time, their investments would benefit from professional management and rebalancing, and they would receive lifetime income upon retirement. These automatic features will make the 401(k) and similar plans a more effective tool for retirement saving, and they can be extended to the many workers who do not currently have access to an employer plan.

In "Automatic," the authors present proposals to implement automatic features in all phases of the 401(k) and in IRAs for workers with no employer plan. They also draw from the experience of countries that have implemented automatic saving structures.

The Evolving Pension System examines the foundations and the future of the private pension system. It provides a broad overview of the underlying assumptions, characteristics, and effects of existing pension policy, as well as alternative views on how public policy toward pensions should evolve in the future. Contributors include Robert Clark (North Carolina State University), Eric Engen (Federal Reserve Board), William G. Gale (Brookings Institution), Theodore Groom (Groom Law Group, Chartered), Daniel Halperin (Harvard), Alicia Munnell (Boston College), Leslie Papke (Michigan State University), Joseph Quinn (Boston College), Sylvester Schieber (Watson Wyatt), John B. Shoven (Stanford), and Jack Vanderhei (Temple University and EBRI). William G. Gale is the Joseph A. Pechman Fellow in the Economic Studies program at the Brookings Institution. John B. Shoven is Charles R. Schwab Professor at Stanford University. Mark J. Warshawsky is director of research at the TIAA-CREF Institute.

"The private pension system, together with Social Security, has provided millions of Americans with income security in retirement. But over the past thirty years, pension coverage has stagnated, leaving behind some vulnerable groups. Defined contribution plans have exposed workers to greater investment risk, while cash balance and other hybrid plans may have adverse effects on older workers caught in the transition. Pension regulations, infamous for their complexity, can be bewildering to policy analysts and policymakers. Private Pensions and Public Policies sheds timely and much-needed light on specific issues within the broader context and framework of pension reform. Contributors focus on topics that must be addressed in any reform effort, including the effects of the shift in emphasis toward defined contribution plans (after the 1974 Employee Retirement Income and Security Act) and hybrid plans (from the 1990s); regulatory issues such as nondiscrimination rules and contribution limits; how to increase the information available to participants and improve financial education; how participants in defined contribution plans make choices on questions such as asset allocation, back-loaded versus front-loaded saving, and annuities versus lump sum distributions; and the interaction of the private pension system with Social Security. Contributors include Robert L. Clark (North Carolina State University), Sylvester J. Schieber (Watson Wyatt Worldwide), Richard A. Ippolito (George Mason University School of Law), Alan L. Gustman (Dartmouth College), Thomas L. Steinmeier (Texas Tech University), John Karl Scholz (University of Wisconsin), Dean M. Maki, (JPMorgan Chase), William Even (Miami University of Ohio), Jagadeesh Gokhale (American Enterprise Institute), Laurence J. Kotlikoff (Boston University), Mark J. Warshawsky (TIAA-CREF Institute), Annika Sunden (Boston College), Andrew A. Samwick (Dartmouth College), David A. Wise (Harvard University), Joel Dickson (The Vanguard Group), Peter Merrill (PriceWaterhouseCoopers), Kent Smetters (Wharton School), Yuewu Xu (TIAA-CREF Institute), Janemarie Mulvey (Watson Wyatt Worldwide), Peter Orszag (Sebago Associates, Inc.), James M. Poterba (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), John B. Shoven (Stanford University), Clemens Sialm (University of Michigan), Leslie E. Papke (Michigan State University), Jeffrey R. Brown (Harvard University), and Michael Hurd (RAND Corporation). "

First published in 1981. Settling the Desert is an attempt to organise those aspects of scientific and sociological research that are the necessary prerequisites for making the desert a comfortable and profitable place for man to inhabit. In this book, experts from many fields of desert research review the history of desert settlement and agriculture, as well as the present problems encountered by modern desert settlers. Topics discussed include: meteorology, sociology, ecology, water resources, solar energy, innovative desert agriculture, architecture, and animal science.

With women in the UK construction industry constituting just thirteen per cent of the workforce and black and Asian workers numbering less that two per cent, despite representing more than six per cent of the working population, diversity is a problem that the construction industry needs to tackle directly. In this title, diversity management is presented as an opportunity for the construction industry. Work is presented from several different countries and regions, in North America, Australia and Europe to provide a comprehensive picture of this complex and often sensitive issue. Going beyond the traditional topics of gender and racial discrimination contributions encompass a wide range of diversity issues facing the construction industry, including sexual orientation, disability and the work-life balance. Essential reading for construction managers and a valuable resource for post-graduate researchers, this key title provides not only a thorough exposition of contemporary research but also supplies the practical diagnostic tools, and techniques to successfully manage diversity in construction and the information to adhere to the law.

This book is about the conduct and contributions of applied social science. It represents the beginning of a new intellectual tradition in applied social science and its purpose is to foster an exchange among the variety of social scientists who are concerned with natural resource policy.

First published in 1981. Settling the Desert is an attempt to organise those aspects of scientific and sociological research that are the necessary prerequisites for making the desert a comfortable and profitable place for man to inhabit. In this book, experts from many fields of desert research review the history of desert settlement and agriculture, as well as the present problems encountered by modern desert settlers. Topics discussed include: meteorology, sociology, ecology, water resources, solar energy, innovative desert agriculture, architecture, and animal science.

With women in the UK construction industry constituting just 13 per cent of the workforce and black and Asian workers numbering only 1.9 per cent, despite representing 6.4 per cent of the working population, diversity is a problem that the construction industry needs to tackle directly. In this key title, unparalled in print, the managing of diversity is presented as an opportunity for the construction industry. Work is presented from several different countries and regions, including North America, Australia and Europe to provide a comprehensive picture of this complex and often sensitive issue, going beyond the traditional topics of gender and racial discrimination to encompass a wide range of diversity issues facing the construction industry. Issues covered include sexual orientation, disability and the work-life balance. Essential reading for construction managers and a valuable resource for post-graduate researchers, this key title provides not only a thorough exposition of contemporary research but also supplies the practical diagnostic tools, and techniques to successfully manage diversity in construction and the information to adhere to the law.

This second volume carries on the excellent work of its predecessor, ex tending its scope to other melts and to other techniques. It continues to present first-hand understanding and experience of this difficult and demanding field. There is ever present the trade-off or reconciliation between the novel chemistry of systems not dominated by the mediating influence of a supposedly indifferent solvent and the high temperatures required to effect the fluidity of the system. At the limit, the very high temperatures so increase the rates of all reactions as to dissolve the temporal difference between the thermodynamic and the kinetic view of chemistry. What can happen will happen and invariably does happen. Vessels corrode, the apparatus becomes a reactant, and the number of tolerant materials able to withstand the attack shrinks to graphite, boron carbide or, if all else fails, to frozen parts of the molten salt itself. It is probably true that there is no limit to man's ingenuity but I believe that God gave us molten salts just to test that thesis. If there is ever a Molten Salt Club, and Englishmen love clubs, its membership will be exclusive. It would certainly include the authors of this series. Graham Hills University of Strathclyde ix Preface In the first volume of this series, we expressed our contention that a real need existed for practical guidance in the field of molten salt experimentation."

POPULATION GENETICS IS OFTEN THOUGHT TO BE A DIFFICULT SUBJECT. To some extent, difficulties are inevitable in a field where some quite basic points are controversial. However, problems are most acute when theoretical points are discussed, despite the fact that there has been very little controversy over the mathematics. In my experience, the actual mathematical manipulations rarely cause much difficulty. Rather it is that the biologist, lacking the physicist's or chemist's experience in "reading" mathematical formulae, finds it difficult to appreciate what is happening in a mathematical treatment and to grasp the implications of the results obtained, when these are given in mathematical form. Accordingly, I have followed a procedure, which students seem to find helpful, of giving a rough-and-ready verbal treatment of a problem before attempting a much more exact mathematical treatment; when the results of the latter are not readily interpretable, I have given an elucidation. Another problem which often concerns students is the reliability of results obtained using approximate methods; I have, therefore, discussed this in fair detail in critical cases. When dealing with controversial issues, I have done my very best to be fair. To conceal one's opinions entirely would probably make for a very dull book. I trust, however, that I have given enough for the reader previously unfamiliar with these controversies to form his own judge ment."

The physicist Kamerlingh Onnes, who was the first to liquify helium (1908), had written on the walls of his laboratory in Leiden: "From measur ing to knowing." As true as this is at very low temperatures, it is just as applicable at the high temperatures of molten salts. Only on the basis of exact measurements by a plethora of experimental methods can any real understanding be reached of both classes of liquids. In both temperature ranges experimental difficulties are much greater than those encountered around ambient temperature. Molten salts often present a formidable challenge to the experimen talist, for example, because of corrosion and other materials problems. Applications of molten salts were for a long time based on empirical knowledge alone. This was true for the first application of molten salts in 1807, when Davy obtained sodium and potassium by electrolysis of the molten hydroxides. For 100 years the winning of aluminum has been based on the very nearly simultaneous invention by Hall and Heroult (1886) of the electrolysis of molten cryolite. The process, though essentially unchanged, has since been perfected owing to an improvement in our understanding of what actually happens, based on difficult measurements ofthe many variables. However, even now there are gaps in our knowledge."

The intention of this monograph has been to assimilate key practical and theoretical aspects of those spectroelectrochemical techniques likely to become routine aids to electrochemical research and analysis. Many new methods for interphasial studies have been and are being developed. Accordingly, this book is restricted in scope primarily to in situ methods for studying metal! electrolyte or semiconductor! electrolyte systems; moreover, it is far from inclusive of the spectroelectrochemical techniques that have been devised. However, it is hoped that the practical descriptions provided are sufficiently explicit to encourage and enable the newcomer to establish the experimental facilities needed for a particular problem. The chapters in this text have been written by international authorities in their particular specialties. Each chapter is broadly organized to review the origins and historical background of the field, to provide sufficiently detailed theory for graduate student comprehension, to describe the practical design and experimental methodology, and to detail some representative application examples. Since publication of Volume 9 of the Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering series (1973), a volume devoted specifically to spectroelectrochemistry, there has been unabated growth of these fields. A number of international symposia-such as those held at Snowmass, Colorado, in 1978, the proceedings of which were published by North-Holland (1980); at Logan, Utah in 1982, published by Elsevier (1983); or at the Fritz Haber Institute in 1986-have served as forums for the discussion of nontraditional methods to study interphases and as means for the dissemination of a diversity of specialist research papers.

A. POLJAKOFF-MAYBER and J. GALE The response of plants to saline environments is of interest to people of many disciplines. In agriculture the problem of salinity becomes more severe every year as the non-saline soils and the non-saline waters become more intensively and more extensively exploited. Further expansion of agriculture must consider the cultivation of saline soils and the use of water with a relatively high content of soluble, salts. Moreover, industrial development in many countries is causing severe water pollution, especially of rivers, and mismanagement in agriculture often induces secondary salinization of soils and sources of irrigation water. From the point of view of agriculture it is, therefore, of the utmost importance to know the various responses of plants to salinity and to understand the nature of the damage caused by salinity to agricultural crops. Botanists and plant physiologists study plants, their form, growth, metabolism and response to external stimuli. A challenging problem for them is to understand the differences between glycophytes, plants growing in a non-saline environment and halophytes, plants which normally grow in salt marshes, in sea water or in saline soils. This includes the elucidation of structural and functional adaptations which enable halophytes to tolerate the saline environment, and also questions as to whether they only tolerate the saline environment or actually thrive in it. Ecologists and environmentalists are interested in the interrelationships be tween the organism, in this case the plant, and its environment, from the climatic, edaphic and biotic points of view."

It has been always an incentive for students to find whether his/her efforts to solve exercises give correct results, or to find tips for problems that he/she finds more difficult. These are the main reasons for the appearance of the present book. As part of the textbook Modern Electrochemistry 1: Ionics, A Guide to Problems in Modern Electrochemistry: Part 1: Ionics compiles many of the solutions to the exercises and problems presented in the text, as well as many new problems.

This fourth volume in the series opens some new arenas in the realm of molten salts technology, with research reports on amides, amide mixtures, and their electrochemical properties; chromatography in liquid organic salts; thermal conductivity; magnetic, calorimetric, and ultra-high-pressure measure

The rise of the neutral theory of evolution has aroused a renewed interest in the quantitative approach to population genetics, and the aim of this book is to explain this field to biologists with a limited amount of mathematical expertise. The text concentrates almost entirely on stochastic processes, as these seem to be the greatest source of difficulty amongst non-mathematicians. To enhance the flow of the text some points of detail have been placed in notes and exercises sections at the end of each chapter. The material is extensively referenced and contains many carefully worked examples of mathematical proofs.

The best new research on medieval clothing and textiles, drawing from a range of disciplines. The usual wide range of approaches to garments and fabrics appears in this tenth volume. Three chapters focus on practical matters: a description of the medieval vestments surviving at Castel Sant'Elia in Italy; a survey of the spread of silk cultivation to Europe before 1300; and a documentation of medieval colour terminology for desirable cloth. Two address social significance: the practice of seizing clothing from debtors in fourteenth-century Lucca, and the transformation of the wardrobe of Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, upon her marriage to the king of Scotland. Two delve into artistic symbolism: a consideration of female headdresses carved at St Frideswide's Priory in Oxford, and a discussion of how Anglo-Saxon artists used soft furnishings to echo emotional aspects of narratives. Meanwhile, in an exercise in historiography, there is an examination of the life of Mrs. A.G.I. Christie, author of the landmark Medieval English Embroidery. ROBIN NETHERTON is a professional editor and a researcher/lecturer on the interpretation of medieval European dress; GALE R. OWEN-CROCKER is Professor of Anglo-Saxon Culture at the University of Manchester. Contributors: Michelle L. Beer, Elizabeth Coatsworth, Valija Evalds, Christine Meek, Maureen C. Miller, Christopher J. Monk, Lisa Monnas, Rebecca Woodward Wendelken

With this collection of essays, Anthony J. Martin invites us to investigate animal and human traces on the Georgia coast and the remarkable stories these traces, both modern and fossil, tell us. Readers will learn how these traces enabled geologists to discover that the remains of ancient barrier islands still exist on the lower coastal plain of Georgia, showing the recession of oceans millions of years ago. First, Martin details a solid but approachable overview of Georgia barrier island ecosystems - maritime forests, salt marshes, dunes, beaches - and how these ecosystems are as much a product of plant and animal behavior as they are of geology. Martin then describes animal tracks, burrows, nests, and other traces and what they tell us about their makers. He also explains how trace fossils can document the behaviors of animals from millions of years ago, including those no longer extant. Next, Martin discusses the relatively scant history - scarcely five thousand years - of humans on the Georgia coast. He takes us from the Native American shell rings on Sapelo Island to the cobbled streets of Savannah paved with the ballast stones of slave ships. He also describes the human introduction of invasive animals to the coast and their effects on native species. Finally, Martin's epilogue introduces the sobering idea that climate change, with its resultant extreme weather and rising sea levels, is the ultimate human trace affecting the Georgia coast. Here he asks how the traces of the past and present help us to better predict and deal with our uncertain future.

Essays on the brief but tumultuous reign of Harold II, and one of our most important sources of knowledge of the time - the Bayeux Tapestry. Harold II is chiefly remembered today, perhaps unfairly, for the brevity of his reign and his death at the Battle of Hastings. The papers collected here seek to shed new light on the man and his milieu before and after that climax. They explore the long career and the dynastic network behind Harold Godwinesson's accession on the death of King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, looking in particular at the important questions as to whether Harold's kingship was opportunist or long-planned; a usurpation or a legitimate succession in terms of his Anglo-Scandinavian kinships? They also examine the posthumous legends that Harold survived Hastings and lived on as a religious recluse.The essays in the second part of the volume focus on the Bayeux Tapestry, bringing out the small details which would have resonated significantly for contemporary audiences, both Norman and English, to suggest how they judged Harold and the other players in the succession drama of 1066. Other aspects of the Tapestry are also covered: the possible patron and locations the Tapestry was produced for; where and how it was designed; and the various sources - artistic and real - employed by the artist. Contributors: H.E.J. Cowdrey, Nicholas J. Higham, Ian Howard, Gillian Fellows-Jensen, Stephen Matthews, S.L. Keefer, Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Chris Henige, Catherine Karkov, Shirley Ann Brown, C.R. Hart, Michael Lewis. GALE OWEN-CROCKER is Professor of Anglo-Saxon Culture at the University of Manchester.

Written primarily for 16-19 year old students, this primer aims to extend students' knowledge and inspire them to take their school-level learning further. It explores topics that are familiar from the curriculum and also introduces new ideas, giving students a first taste of the study of biology beyond school-level and demonstrating how concepts frequently encountered at school are relevant to and applied in current research. This is the ideal text to support students who are considering making the transition from studying biology at school to university. This Oxford Biology Primer will introduce students to the field of genomics and its applications. From the early days of the Human Genome Project, sequencing technology has rapidly developed and is now cheaper and more accessible than ever before. The resulting pervasive nature of these technologies make them more likely to be experienced by people as patients, consumers and citizens. The primer introduces the basic principles of genomics and then uses these to consider human genetics, through examples of some of the rare diseases linked to single genes. The impact of these rare diseases is far-reaching and the knowledge gained through genome sequencing is proving invaluable in their diagnosis. Genome sequencing is revolutionising the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and the primer introduces students to some of the key breakthroughs which have taken place in recent years. These include the identification of specific genes indicating cancer risk, and the sequencing of tumours throughout treatment to identify further mutations and modify treatment accordingly. The primer aims to address a number of the ethical issues which are raised by this rapidly-growing area of biology. Students are challenged to consider some of the decisions they may need to make relating to these technologies in their own lives, and are given opportunities to explore different aspects of these issues in a way which allows discussion to be both informed and meaningful. The study of infectious disease is also feeling the impact of genomics: the primer discusses the concept of pathogen genome sequencing, and illustrates the various ways in which this can be used - for example, enabling us to find different solutions to infections, to track outbreaks of disease to their source, and to identify and possibly ultimately combat antibiotic resistance. Many of the major diseases which impact the global population are caused by parasites, which come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The primer introduces students to the importance of understanding parasite genomes. Parasite genome sequencing makes it possible to develop both new medicines, and new treatments such as gene drive systems to wipe out disease-causing mosquito populations. For many years, our views of classification and evolution have been based on observational techniques going back to Darwin and Linnaeus. Focusing on human evolution, the primer will open students' eyes to the ways in which genome sequencing is being used to reveal evolutionary links that have never before been recognised, and to elucidate the way humans spread out of Africa across the world. Students are not always aware of the role technological developments play in enabling the progress of science. The final chapter delves into how genome sequencing technologies have developed, considering both the speed of change in the technology, its implications for usefulness, availability and cost, and the growing issue of big data and how it can be manipulated. The different technologies described in this chapter are referenced throughout the book.