The Neurosurgeons of Berlin are happy to welcome their colleagues from Germany and from foreign countries to our Annual Meeting, being held in this city once again after many years. The external appearance of the city may have changed in many respects since our winter meeting in 1965. This ist not the case, however, as concerns the outstanding quality of its cultural life. We hope that you take as much profit of it as possible. When choosing the scientific themes of this congress, we were led by the idea that problems should be discussed which are not dealt with at special symposia this year. Thus, the problems related to lumbar disc surgery and its complications were chosen as one main topic. This important chapter of neurosurgery worries (and not seldom depresses) us in our daily work. A joint statistic analysis has been made, for which we are indebted to the colleagues from the following university clinics: Essen, Freiburg, Graz, Hannover, Heidelberg, Kiel, Koln, Mainz, Wiirzburg, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Berlin Steglitz, of the Neurosurgical Department of the BG-U nfallklinik Frankfurt/Main, of the Neurosurgical Department Wagner-J auregg-Krankenhaus Linz, of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the Katharinen-Hospital Stuttgart, and of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the Stadt. Krankenhaus Berlin-N eukolln."

This volume contains the papers presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Neurochirurgie, held in Heidelberg, Western Germany, on May 1-3,1975. Since at recent meetings of the German Neurosurgical Society central pathophysiological problems such as "central dysregulation" and "brain edema" had been discussed extensively, it seemed appropriate to choose another major area of cerebral patho- physiology for the meeting in Heidelberg. CEREBRAL HYPOXIA is, as LANGFITT once emphasized, "the final common denominator" of various cerebral lesions with which the neurosurgeon is confronted every day. Raised intracranial pressure, respiratory disorders and disturbances in systemic arterial blood pressure, etc. may lead, if not treated, to a focal or global lack of oxygen in the brain tissue. Anoxia finally results in cell death and thus in irreversible cerebral damage or even death. Main interest has therefore been focussed on disturbances in cerebral perfusion pressure ("ischemic hypoxia") and in arterial oxygenation ("hypoxic hypoxia"). The importance of cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms protecting the brain against tissue hypoxia, of patho- morphological alterations of the cerebral vessels (e. g. the "no-reflow-phenomenon") in the course of severe hypoxia, and of changes in brain metabolism have been discussed on a large scale. The organizing committee was particularly happy to have obtained internationally well-known scientists who presented their work in the field of cerebral hypoxia.

Now more than ever, in the arenas of national security, diplomacy, and military operations, effective communication strategy is of paramount importance. A 24/7 television, radio, and Internet news cycle paired with an explosion in social media demands it. According to James P. Farwell, an expert in communication strategy and cyber war who has advised the U.S. Special Operations Command and the Department of Defense, and worked nationally and internationally as a media and political consultant, this book examines how colorful figures in history from Julius Caesar to Winston Churchill, Napoleon to Hugo Chavez, Martin Luther to Barack Obama and Ronald Reagan, have forged communication strategies to influence audiences. Mark Twain said that history doesn't repeat itself, but rhymes. In showing how major leaders have moved audiences, Farwell bears out Twain's thesis. Obama and Luther each wanted to reach a mass audience. Obama used social media and the Internet. Luther used the printing press. But the strategic mindset was similar. Hugo Chavez identifies with Simon Bolivar, but his attitude towards the media more closely echoes Napoleon. Caesar used coins to build his image in ways that echo the modern use of campaign buttons. His "triumphs," enormous parades to celebrate military victories, celebrated his achievements and aimed to impress the populace with his power and greatness. Adolph Hitler employed a similar tactic with his torchlight parades. The book shows how the US government's approach to strategic communication has been misguided. It offers a colorful, incisive critical evaluation of the concepts, doctrines, and activities that the US Department of Defense and Department of State employ for psychological operations, military information support operations, propaganda, and public diplomacy. Persuasion and Power is a book about the art of communication strategy, how it is used, where, and why. Farwell's adroit use of vivid examples produce a well-researched, entertaining story that illustrates how its principles have made a critical difference throughout history in the outcomes of crises, conflicts, politics, and diplomacy across different cultures and societies.

Fortschritte in der Entwicklung der Medizin erfordern eine immer weiter- gehende Spezialisierung, die nicht nur AErzte, sondern in zunehmendem Masse auch das Krankenpflegepersonal erfasst. Durch das Angebot indi- vidueller Weiterbildungskurse fur Krankenpflegepersonal in der An- asthesie und in der Intensivpflege, in der Psychiatrie und in der Gemeinde- krankenpflege wird dieser Tatsache bereits Rechnung getragen. Fur die operative Medizin liegt inzwischen ebenfalls ein Weiterbildungs- entwurfvor, der an einigen Kliniken bereits in die Praxis umgesetzt wird. Eine steigende Vielfalt der Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsmethoden macht es fur die in operativen Fachern tatigen Pflegekrafte unumganglich, sich Spezialkenntnisse nach Abschluss der Grundausbildung zu erwerben. Die verwendeten Apparate, Instrumente und Materialien haben in den letzten Jahren eine derartige Vielfalt und einen so hohen Entwicklungs- stand erreicht, dass man sie nur nach intensivem Studium richtig benutzen kann. Die vorliegende neue Reihe: Fachschwester - Fachpfleger, Operative Medi- zin, wendet sich an Krankenschwestern und Krankenpfleger, die sich nach dem Ende der Grundausbildung in einem Fachgebiet Spezialkenntnisse aneignen oder ihr Wissen vertiefen wollen. Die einzelnen Bande bieten gleichzeitig die Moeglichkeit, in Vergessenheit geratene Kenntnisse aufzu- frischen und zu erweitern. Die Herausgeber legen Wert darauf, dass an jedem Band, ebenso wie im Herausgebergremium, praktisch und theoretisch tatige Schwestern und Pfleger mitarbeiten, damit den Erfordernissen der taglichen Praxis Rech- nung getragen wird. Nur unter Einbeziehung aller in den jeweiligen Be- reichen Tatigen ist es moeglich, ein praxisgerechtes Werk zu schaffen, das dem Benutzer eine schnelle und doch umfassende Information gibt.

In this volume, a distinguished group of scholars examine the national experiences of six major twentieth-century powers-- the United States, Japan, Turkey, China, India and Germany-to discern the centuries' legacies for today and the lessons for tomorrow. They explore core themes including anticolonialism, democracy, socialism, nationalism, industrialization, nuclear weapons, and globalization and provide their own personal interpretations of the century, as well as their respective nation's experiences and historical memory of the era. Together, they provide a broad historical context of the forces that shaped the twentieth century that will be of interest to scholars and students of history as well as policymakers.

This report is the culmination of a two-year project examining the complex relations among Turkey, Russia, and Iran in an effort to better understand these countries' perceptions in the post-Cold War world and the conditions and interests that cause international political alignments among them. It surveys the undercurrents of these relationships in a political, economic, and energy supply and demand context and assesses the geostrategic and regional impact of these dynamics through a series of case studies on developments in the Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia. The report is meant to provide U.S. policymakers with practical recommendations for calibrating and balancing relations with each of these three countries, while taking into account the interests of other major actors. It integrates independent analysis by CSIS scholars with perspectives from Turkish, Russian, and Iranian counterparts obtained through extensive field research and two international workshops held in Ankara and Moscow.