Santayana argues that instinct and imagination are crucial to the emergence of reason from chaos. Santayana's Life of Reason, published in five books from 1905 to 1906, ranks as one of the greatest works in modern philosophical naturalism. Acknowledging the natural material bases of human life, Santayana traces the development of the human capacity for appreciating and cultivating the ideal. It is a capacity he exhibits as he articulates a continuity running through animal impulse, practical intelligence, and ideal harmony in reason, society, art, religion, and science. The work is an exquisitely rendered vision of human life lived sanely. In this first book of the work, Santayana provides an account of how the human animal develops instinct, passion, and chaotic experience into rationality and ideal life. Inspired by Aristotle's De Anima, Darwin's evolutionary theory, and William James's The Principles of Psychology, Santayana contends that the requirements of action in a hazardous and uncertain environment are the sources of the development of mind. More specifically, instinct and imagination are crucial to the emergence of reason from chaos. Separating himself from the typical thought of the time by his recognition of the imagination, Santayana in this volume offers extensive critiques of various philosophies of mind, including those of Kant and the British empiricists. This Critical Edition, volume VII of The Works of George Santayana, includes a chronology, notes, bibliography, textual commentary, lists of variants, and other tools useful to Santayana scholars. The other four books of the volume include Reason in Society, Reason in Religion, Reason in Art, and Reason in Science.

Periodically, someone must remind philosophers of just how far removed they are from the all-too-real and vital human concerns that affect people's lives. Someone has to point the way to a philosophy that returns to these concerns with both depth and realism. James Gouinlock has deftly accomplished both tasks in "Rediscovering the Moral Life". With trenchant reference to such contemporary philosophical luminaries as Alasdair MacIntyre, John Rawls, Jurgen Habermas, Michael Walzer, and Richard Rorty (among others), Gouinlock demonstrates that the abstractions produced by these writers fail to engage the very subject matter that gives pertinence to ethical theory and offers direction to moral conduct. Gouinlock shows how current thinkers produce elaborate but lifeless and impractical conceptual schemes devoid of meaning for those of us who live in the real world. Of vital importance is the moral life itself: the actual values, conflicts, ambiguities, and resources resident in human life. Here we find the sources of moral direction and aspiration. With learning, wit, and lively analysis Gouinlock carries out the project of discerning and appropriating these resources, and in so doing returns philosophy to the fundamental character of human perplexities and ambitions. Only in reference to the conditions of ordinary everyday living - with all of its confusion, frustration, and anxiety - can philosophy regain the vitality and pertinence to rescue it from the ivory tower. The ideas from that tiresome tower oscillate between forms of absolutism and relativism. Finding no warrant for either in the moral life itself, Gouinlock presents a moral pluralism, warranted by the very nature of the moral life and implemented not by invariant rules, but by remarkably simple and effective virtues determined in reference to the moral condition. Although they cannot give absolute certification to moral judgement, the virtues provide a foundation for thought and action in real circumstances. Gouinlock begins his discussion by presenting some of the most fateful traits of existence, from which he proceeds to more specific analyses. He presents the problems of fact and value in a new and vivid light while giving moral discourse original and refreshingly constructive attention. In addition, there is penetrating analysis of the origins of moral values in the conditions of the moral life. Drawing from research in the behavioural sciences, Gouinlock points out the multiple uses of knowledge of human nature in moral reflection and action. He then sets forth the nature of the virtues that are most suitable for contending with these generic conditions. Throughout, Gouinlock draws upon many sources of wisdom in the history of philosophy while laying bare the futilities of contemporary theories. With courage and candour Gouinlock confronts the nature of the moral life and its prospects for both suffering and fulfilment. "Rediscovering the Moral Life" stands in the great tradition of synoptic works in philosophy that have the boldness to challenge prevailing academic conventions and the insight to reveal the best lessons of moral experience.