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Britain and America were the first two countries with mechanised
cotton manufacturing industries, the first major factory systems of
production and the first major employers of women outside of the
domestic environment. The combination of being new wage earners in
the first trans-national industry and their public prominence as
workers makes these women's role as employees significant; they set
the early standard for women as waged labour, to which later female
workers were compared. This book analyses how women workers
influenced patterns of industrial organization and offers a new
perspective on relationships between gender and work and on
industrial development. The primary theme of the study is the
attempt to control the work process through co-operation, coercion
and conflict between women workers, their male counterparts and
manufacturers. Drawing upon examples of women's subversive
activities and attitudes toward the discourses of labour, the book
emphasizes the variety of women's work experiences. By using this
diversity of experience in a comparative way, the book reaches
conclusions that challenge a variety of historical concepts,
including separate spheres of influence for men and women and
related economic theories, for example that women were passive
players in the workplace, evolutionary theories with respect to
industrial development, and business culture within and between the
two industries. Overall it provides the fresh approach that
highlights and explains women's agency as operatives and paid
workers during industrialization.
The contributors to this collection look into the experiences of
women in the Western world going through pregnancy and birth over
the last hundred years.
This edited collection looks at the experiences of women going
through pregnancy and birth over the last 100 years. The essays
explore the impact of the professionalization of the medical
services, the factors that influenced women's decisions over their
choice of healthcare and whether childbirth was seen as a natural
or a medical event.
Britain and America were the first two countries with mechanised
cotton manufacturing industries, the first major factory systems of
production and the first major employers of women outside of the
domestic environment. The combination of being new wage earners in
the first trans-national industry and their public prominence as
workers makes these women's role as employees significant; they set
the early standard for women as waged labour, to which later female
workers were compared. This book analyses how women workers
influenced patterns of industrial organization and offers a new
perspective on relationships between gender and work and on
industrial development. The primary theme of the study is the
attempt to control the work process through co-operation, coercion
and conflict between women workers, their male counterparts and
manufacturers. Drawing upon examples of women's subversive
activities and attitudes toward the discourses of labour, the book
emphasizes the variety of women's work experiences. By using this
diversity of experience in a comparative way, the book reaches
conclusions that challenge a variety of historical concepts,
including separate spheres of influence for men and women and
related economic theories, for example that women were passive
players in the workplace, evolutionary theories with respect to
industrial development, and business culture within and between the
two industries. Overall it provides the fresh approach that
highlights and explains women's agency as operatives and paid
workers during industrialization.
Nonprofits often struggle financially, overwhelmed by the need to
muster a complex combination of income streams that range from
grants and government funding to gifts-in-kind and volunteer labor.
Financing Nonprofits draws upon a growing body of scholarship in
economics and organizational theory to offer a conceptual framework
for understanding this diverse mix of financing sources. By
applying theory, readers can understand when a nonprofit
organization should pursue particular sources of income and how it
should manage its portfolio of income from different sources.
Organized under the auspices of the National Center on Nonprofit
Enterprise, Financing Nonprofits argues that those who would manage
nonprofit organizations must first develop a conceptual framework
through which they can understand the complicated and fast-paced
landscape surrounding nonprofit decision-making. It offers a piece
by piece analysis of the many potential components of nonprofit
operating income, including a detailed study on how to accumulate
the capital needed for major infrastructure projects or endowments
and an examination of how to maintain a healthy investment profile
once sufficient capital exists. By melding theory with practice,
Young and the other contributors to Financing Nonprofits have
created a volume that will serve as a practical guide to financing
strategies for executive directors, CFOs, and board members of
nonprofit organizations in a wide variety of fields; as a text for
graduate students in nonprofit finance; and as a source of ideas
for researchers to continue to probe and illuminate the many subtle
issues associated with finding the right mix of resources to
support the essential work of nonprofit organizations in our
society.
Nonprofits often struggle financially, overwhelmed by the need to
muster a complex combination of income streams that range from
grants and government funding to gifts-in-kind and volunteer labor.
Financing Nonprofits draws upon a growing body of scholarship in
economics and organizational theory to offer a conceptual framework
for understanding this diverse mix of financing sources. By
applying theory, readers can understand when a nonprofit
organization should pursue particular sources of income and how it
should manage its portfolio of income from different sources.
Organized under the auspices of the National Center on Nonprofit
Enterprise, Financing Nonprofits argues that those who would manage
nonprofit organizations must first develop a conceptual framework
through which they can understand the complicated and fast-paced
landscape surrounding nonprofit decision-making. It offers a piece
by piece analysis of the many potential components of nonprofit
operating income, including a detailed study on how to accumulate
the capital needed for major infrastructure projects or endowments
and an examination of how to maintain a healthy investment profile
once sufficient capital exists. By melding theory with practice,
Young and the other contributors to Financing Nonprofits have
created a volume that will serve as a practical guide to financing
strategies for executive directors, CFOs, and board members of
nonprofit organizations in a wide variety of fields; as a text for
graduate students in nonprofit finance; and as a source of ideas
for researchers to continue to probe and illuminate the many subtle
issues associated with finding the right mix of resources to
support the essential work of nonprofit organizations in our
society.
In When the Air Became Important, medical historian Janet Greenlees
examines the working environments of the heartlands of the British
and American cotton textile industries from the nineteenth to the
late twentieth centuries. Greenlees contends that the air quality
within these pioneering workplaces was a key contributor to the
health of the wider communities of which they were a part. Such
enclosed environments, where large numbers of people labored in
close quarters, were ideal settings for the rapid spread of
diseases including tuberculosis, bronchitis and pneumonia. When
workers left the factories for home, these diseases were
transmitted throughout the local population, yet operatives also
brought diseases into the factory. Other aerial hazards common to
both the community and workplace included poor ventilation and
noise. Emphasizing the importance of the peculiarities of place as
well as employers' balance of workers' health against manufacturing
needs, Greenlees's pioneering book sheds light on the roots of
contemporary environmentalism and occupational health reform. Her
work highlights the complicated relationships among local business,
local and national politics of health, and community priorities.
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