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Since its inception, the U.S. human spaceflight program has grown
from launching a single man into orbit to an ongoing space presence
involving numerous crewmembers. As the U.S. space program evolves,
propelled in part by increasing international and commercial
collaborations, long duration or exploration spaceflights - such as
extended stays on the International Space Station or missions to
Mars - become more realistic. These types of missions will likely
expose crews to levels of known risk that are beyond those allowed
by current health standards, as well as to a range of risks that
are poorly characterized, uncertain, and perhaps unforeseeable. As
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and
Congress discuss the next generation of NASA's missions and the
U.S. role in international space efforts, it is important to
understand the ethical factors that drive decision making about
health standards and mission design for NASA activities. NASA asked
the Institute of Medicine to outline the ethics principles and
practices that should guide the agency's decision making for future
long duration or exploration missions that fail to meet existing
health standards. Health Standards for Long Duration and
Exploration Spaceflight identifies an ethics framework, which
builds on the work of NASA and others, and presents a set of
recommendations for ethically assessing and responding to the
challenges associated with health standards for long duration and
exploration spaceflight.As technologies improve and longer and more
distant spaceflight becomes feasible, NASA and its international
and commercial partners will continue to face complex decisions
about risk acceptability. This report provides a roadmap for
ethically assessing and responding to the challenges associated
with NASA's health standards for long duration and exploration
missions. Establishing and maintaining a firmly grounded ethics
framework for this inherently risky activity is essential to guide
NASA's decisions today and to create a strong foundation for
decisions about future challenges and opportunities. Table of
Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 NASA Risk Management
and Health Standards 3 Health Risks 4 Risk Acceptance and
Responsibilities in Human Spaceflight and Terrestrial Activities 5
Recommendations for Ethics Principles 6 Recommendations for Ethics
Responsibilities and Decision Framework Appendix A: Meeting Agendas
Appendix B: Committee Biographical Sketches
Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) are designed to prevent
the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases from mother
to child. While MRTs, if effective, could satisfy a desire of women
seeking to have a genetically related child without the risk of
passing on mtDNA disease, the technique raises significant ethical
and social issues. It would create offspring who have genetic
material from two women, something never sanctioned in humans, and
would create mitochondrial changes that could be heritable (in
female offspring), and therefore passed on in perpetuity. The
manipulation would be performed on eggs or embryos, would affect
every cell of the resulting individual, and once carried out this
genetic manipulation is not reversible. Mitochondrial Replacement
Techniques considers the implications of manipulating mitochondrial
content both in children born to women as a result of participating
in these studies and in descendants of any female offspring. This
study examines the ethical and social issues related to MRTs,
outlines principles that would provide a framework and foundation
for oversight of MRTs, and develops recommendations to inform the
Food and Drug Administration's consideration of investigational new
drug applications. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1
Introduction 2 Science and Policy Context 3 Do Ethical, Social, and
Policy Considerations Preclude MRT? 4 Regulation and Oversight of
MRT in Humans Appendix A: Study Approach Appendix B: Summary of MRT
Research Appendix C: Biosketches of Committee Members
How has Russia's political elite struggled to build a federal system of government out of the rubble of the Soviet empire? This ground-breaking book examines the public debates, official documents, and political deals that built Russia's federal house, and analyzes the strength of its troubled foundation.
As the technology for regulating travel has evolved from passports
and rubber stamps to include retina scans and digital databases,
the bureaucratic structure of the American system for regulating
international travel has grown from a small office in Washington,
DC, to a highly sophisticated network spanning the globe. The U.S.
government now controls a web of surveillance---from extra frisks
at airport security to complete bans on travel by sea or air---with
the potential to snare almost anyone. These programs are top
secret, and the names on the No Fly List are classified. There is
no notice and no appeal. In tracing the history and scope of U.S.
travel regulations, Jeffrey Kahn begins with the fascinating story
of Mrs. Shipley, a federal employee who almost single-handedly
controlled access to passports during the Cold War. He questions
how far national security policies should go and whether the
government should be able to declare some individuals simply too
dangerous to travel. An expert on constitutional law, Kahn argues
that U.S. citizens' freedom to leave the country and return is a
fundamental right, protected by the Constitution.
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