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This volume highlights some recent developments on plants used
widely as botanical dietary supplements and herbal medicines,
especially in terms of knowledge of the chemical types and diverse
biological activities of their constituents, as well as laboratory
approaches for their quality control and taxonomic identification.
In the first chapter, the biologically active secondary metabolites
are described of selected botanicals that have a wide current use
in the United States, with recent information provided also on
their in vitro and in vivo biological activities. The second
chapter constitutes an updated survey of the different
chromatographic, spectroscopic, and metabolomics techniques that
can be utilized for the quality control of botanical products. The
penultimate chapter covers different nomenclatural systems that are
of use for the taxonomic identification of source plants used in
botanical products. Finally, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular
barcoding techniques for the identification for plants used as
dietary supplements are covered.
The book summarizes important aspects of cheminformatics that are
relevant for natural product research. It highlights
cheminformatics tools that help to match natural products with
their respective biological targets or off-targets, and discusses
the potential and limitations of this approach.
The first contribution summarizes current trends in research on
medicinal plants in Mexico with emphasis on work carried out at the
authors' laboratories. The most relevant phytochemical and
pharmacological profiles of a selected group of plants used widely
for treating major national health problems are described. The
second contribution provides a detailed survey of the so far
reported literature data on the capacities of selected
oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids and polyketides to trigger
receptors, enzymes, and other types of cellular factors for which
they exhibit a high degree of affinity and therefore evoke
specifice responses. And the third contribution discusses aspects
of endophytic actinobacterial biology and chemistry, including
biosynthesis and total synthesis of secondary metabolites produced
in culture. It also presents perspectives fo the future of
microbial biodiscovery, with emphasis on the seondary metabolism of
endophytic actinobacteria.
The first review describes examples of very promising compounds
discovered from plants acquired from Africa, Southeast Asia, the
Americas, and the Caribbean region with potential anticancer
activity. These include plant secondary metabolites of the
diphyllin lignan, penta[b]benzofuran, triterpenoid, and tropane
alkaloid types. The second review presents 40 more erythrinan
alkaloids, which were either new or were missed out in the last
major reviews, bringing to a total of 154 known erythrinan
alkaloids known to date. The reported pharmacological activities of
the new and known alkaloids showed a greater bias towards central
nervous system and related activities. Other prominent activities
reported were antifeedant or insecticidal, cytotoxicity/anti
tumor/anti cancer/estrogenic, antiprotozoal, antiinflammatory,
antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities.
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents
naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total
number — from fewer than 25 in 1968 — to approximately 8,000
compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain
chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still,
fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals,
bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms
(plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal
abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events),
organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified
extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to
chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation,
biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
This volume consists of four chapters that cover a structurally
diverse range of naturally occurring compounds. Chapter 1 delves
into the chemistry of pyrogallols and their oxidized products, the
hydroxy-o-quinones, including their role in cycloaddition reactions
in the chemical synthesis of several fungal metabolites. Chapter 2
provides an in-depth description of the constituents of agarwood
essential oil and smoke samples that are used in the perfumery
industry, with an emphasis on the sesquiterpenoid and chromones
constituents so far known. Chapter 3 discusses the defensive
chemical ecology of two North American newt species that both
produce tetrodotoxin, a well-known neurotoxin that causes paralysis
and death in metazoans by disrupting electrical signals in the
nerves and muscles. Chapter 4 discusses the limonoids and
triterpenoids from the genus Walsura of the plant family Meliaceae,
of which a number of species are utilized in several
southeastern Asian countries in systems of folk medicine.
This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with
a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of
the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes
quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical
use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents
based on quinine's structure. It also covers the discovery of
artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective
current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and
biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and
resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used
antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of
additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial
activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new
antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library
is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs.
This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with
development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
This volume describes several highly diverse subjects: Chapter 1
explores marine biodiscovery of the North-eastern Atlantic off the
coast of Ireland as a model for best practice in research. The
second chapter investigates Brazilian Chemical Ecology and examples
of insect-plant communication studies that are mediated by natural
products demonstrate the beautiful interconnectedness of species in
a biome. Our third chapter comprises the advances in the science of
the sesquiterpene quinone, perezone, which in 1852 was the first
natural product isolated in crystalline form in the New World. The
last two chapters are from a Vietnamese group and the first of
these follows the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedical
uses of the genus Xanthium, which produces interesting sulfur and
nitrogen containing natural products. Finally, the genus Desmos is
discussed, where an overview of its constituent natural products
and their in vitro pharmacological potential is described.
This volume consists of four chapters that cover a structurally
diverse range of naturally occurring compounds. Chapter 1 delves
into the chemistry of pyrogallols and their oxidized products, the
hydroxy-o-quinones, including their role in cycloaddition reactions
in the chemical synthesis of several fungal metabolites. Chapter 2
provides an in-depth description of the constituents of agarwood
essential oil and smoke samples that are used in the perfumery
industry, with an emphasis on the sesquiterpenoid and chromones
constituents so far known. Chapter 3 discusses the defensive
chemical ecology of two North American newt species that both
produce tetrodotoxin, a well-known neurotoxin that causes paralysis
and death in metazoans by disrupting electrical signals in the
nerves and muscles. Chapter 4 discusses the limonoids and
triterpenoids from the genus Walsura of the plant family Meliaceae,
of which a number of species are utilized in several southeastern
Asian countries in systems of folk medicine.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress in
four areas: in the first one, the cytochalasans, a group of fungal
derived natural products characterized by a perhydro-isoindolone
core fused with a macrocyclic ring are shown to exhibit high
structural diversity and a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The
second one is dedicated to a description of bioactive compounds
from the medicinal plants of Myanmar, the third one is dedicated to
new structure elucidation techniques in the field of
sesquiterpenes. The last one discusses the endogenous natural
products that are produced by human cells including endogenous
amines, steroids, and fatty acid derived natural products. The
co-metabolism and natural product production of the human
microbiome is also described including tryptophan, bile acids,
choline, and cysteine.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress into
a varied group of natural products. In the first chapter the role
that total synthesis may play in revising the structures proposed
for decanolides, which are ten-membered lactones found primarily in
fungi, frogs, and termites is presented. The following chapter
presents the development of the intriguing plant-derived
sesquiterpene lactone, thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the
enzyme, SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase), which has potential
as a lead compound to treat cancer. The third chapter covers the
potential of various plant phenolic compounds for treating the
tropical and sub-tropical infectious disease, leishmaniasis. In
addition the volume presents recent advances related to the plant
alkaloid, cryptolepine, which is of particular interest as a lead
for the treatment of malaria, trypanosomiasis, and cancer.
This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows with
a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of
the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment, and then describes
quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical
use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents
based on quinine's structure. It also covers the discovery of
artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective
current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and
biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and
resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used
antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of
additional natural products with significant antiplasmodial
activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new
antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library
is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs.
This book thus ends by identifying ten natural products with
development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
The first chapter describes the oldest method of communication
between living systems in Nature, the chemical language. Plants,
due to their lack of mobility, have developed the most
sophisticated way of chemical communication. Despite that many
examples involve this chemical communication process - allelopathy,
there is still a lack of information about specific allelochemicals
released into the environment, their purpose, as well as in-depth
studies on the chemistry underground. These findings are critical
to gain a better understanding of the role of these compounds and
open up a wide range of possibilities and applications, especially
in agriculture and phytomedicine. The most relevant aspects
regarding the chemical language of plants, namely, kind of
allelochemicals have been investigated, as well as their releasing
mechanisms and their purpose, are described in this chapter. The
second chapter is focused on the natural products obtained from
Hypericum L., a genus of the family Hypericaceae within the
dicotyledones. Hypericum has been valued for its important
biological and chemical properties and its use in the treatment of
depression and as an antibacterial has been well documented in
primary literature and ethnobotanical reports. The present
contribution gives a comprehensive summary of the chemical
constituents and biological effects of this genus. A comprehensive
account of the chemical constituents including phloroglucinol
derivatives, xanthones, dianthrones, and flavonoids is included.
These compounds show a diverse range of biological activities that
include antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidepressant-like, and
antinociceptive effects. The third chapter addresses microtubule
stabilizers, which are a mainstay in the treatment of many solid
cancers and are often used in combination with molecularly targeted
anticancer agents and immunotherapeutics. The taccalonolides are a
unique class of such microtubule stabilizers isolated from plants
of Tacca species that circumvent clinically relevant mechanisms of
drug resistance. Although initial reports suggested that the
microtubule stabilizing activity of the taccalonolides is
independent of direct tubulin binding, additional studies have
found that potent C-22,23 epoxidated taccalonolides covalently bind
the Aspartate 226 residue of -tubulin and that this interaction is
critical for their microtubule stabilizing activity. Some
taccalonolides have demonstrated in vivo antitumor efficacy in
drug-resistant tumor models with exquisite potency and long-lasting
antitumor efficacy as a result of their irreversible target
engagement. The recent identification of a site on the
taccalonolide scaffold that is amenable to modification has
provided evidence of the specificity of the taccalonolide-tubulin
interaction and the opportunity to further optimize the targeted
delivery of the taccalonolides to further improve their anticancer
efficacy and potential for clinical development.
This volume describes several highly diverse subjects: Chapter 1
explores marine biodiscovery of the North-eastern Atlantic off the
coast of Ireland as a model for best practice in research. The
second chapter investigates Brazilian Chemical Ecology and examples
of insect-plant communication studies that are mediated by natural
products demonstrate the beautiful interconnectedness of species in
a biome. Our third chapter comprises the advances in the science of
the sesquiterpene quinone, perezone, which in 1852 was the first
natural product isolated in crystalline form in the New World. The
last two chapters are from a Vietnamese group and the first of
these follows the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and ethnomedical
uses of the genus Xanthium, which produces interesting sulfur and
nitrogen containing natural products. Finally, the genus Desmos is
discussed, where an overview of its constituent natural products
and their in vitro pharmacological potential is described.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress into
a varied group of natural products. In the first chapter the role
that total synthesis may play in revising the structures proposed
for decanolides, which are ten-membered lactones found primarily in
fungi, frogs, and termites is presented. The following chapter
presents the development of the intriguing plant-derived
sesquiterpene lactone, thapsigargin, a potent inhibitor of the
enzyme, SERCA (sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase), which has potential
as a lead compound to treat cancer. The third chapter covers the
potential of various plant phenolic compounds for treating the
tropical and sub-tropical infectious disease, leishmaniasis. In
addition the volume presents recent advances related to the plant
alkaloid, cryptolepine, which is of particular interest as a lead
for the treatment of malaria, trypanosomiasis, and cancer.
This book describes current understandings and recent progress in
four areas: in the first one, the cytochalasans, a group of fungal
derived natural products characterized by a perhydro-isoindolone
core fused with a macrocyclic ring are shown to exhibit high
structural diversity and a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The
second one is dedicated to a description of bioactive compounds
from the medicinal plants of Myanmar, the third one is dedicated to
new structure elucidation techniques in the field of
sesquiterpenes. The last one discusses the endogenous natural
products that are produced by human cells including endogenous
amines, steroids, and fatty acid derived natural products. The
co-metabolism and natural product production of the human
microbiome is also described including tryptophan, bile acids,
choline, and cysteine.
The first chapter in volume 111 summarizes research on the
sesterterpenoids, which are known as a relatively small group of
natural products. However, they express a variety of simple to
complicated chemical structures. This chapter focuses on the
chemical structures of sesterterpenoids and how their structures
are synthesized in Nature. The second chapter is devoted to
marine-derived fungi, which play an important role in the search
for structurally unique secondary metabolites, some of which show
promising pharmacological activities that make them useful leads
for drug discovery. Marine natural product research in China in
general has made enormous progress in the last two decades as
described in this chapter on fungal metabolites. This contribution
covers 613 new natural products reported from 2001 to 2017 from
marine-derived fungi obtained from algae, sponges, corals, and
other marine organisms from Chinese waters.
The first chapter describes the oldest method of communication
between living systems in Nature, the chemical language. Plants,
due to their lack of mobility, have developed the most
sophisticated way of chemical communication. Despite that many
examples involve this chemical communication process - allelopathy,
there is still a lack of information about specific allelochemicals
released into the environment, their purpose, as well as in-depth
studies on the chemistry underground. These findings are critical
to gain a better understanding of the role of these compounds and
open up a wide range of possibilities and applications, especially
in agriculture and phytomedicine. The most relevant aspects
regarding the chemical language of plants, namely, kind of
allelochemicals have been investigated, as well as their releasing
mechanisms and their purpose, are described in this chapter. The
second chapter is focused on the natural products obtained from
Hypericum L., a genus of the family Hypericaceae within the
dicotyledones. Hypericum has been valued for its important
biological and chemical properties and its use in the treatment of
depression and as an antibacterial has been well documented in
primary literature and ethnobotanical reports. The present
contribution gives a comprehensive summary of the chemical
constituents and biological effects of this genus. A comprehensive
account of the chemical constituents including phloroglucinol
derivatives, xanthones, dianthrones, and flavonoids is included.
These compounds show a diverse range of biological activities that
include antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidepressant-like, and
antinociceptive effects. The third chapter addresses microtubule
stabilizers, which are a mainstay in the treatment of many solid
cancers and are often used in combination with molecularly targeted
anticancer agents and immunotherapeutics. The taccalonolides are a
unique class of such microtubule stabilizers isolated from plants
of Tacca species that circumvent clinically relevant mechanisms of
drug resistance. Although initial reports suggested that the
microtubule stabilizing activity of the taccalonolides is
independent of direct tubulin binding, additional studies have
found that potent C-22,23 epoxidated taccalonolides covalently bind
the Aspartate 226 residue of -tubulin and that this interaction is
critical for their microtubule stabilizing activity. Some
taccalonolides have demonstrated in vivo antitumor efficacy in
drug-resistant tumor models with exquisite potency and long-lasting
antitumor efficacy as a result of their irreversible target
engagement. The recent identification of a site on the
taccalonolide scaffold that is amenable to modification has
provided evidence of the specificity of the taccalonolide-tubulin
interaction and the opportunity to further optimize the targeted
delivery of the taccalonolides to further improve their anticancer
efficacy and potential for clinical development.
The book summarizes important aspects of cheminformatics that are
relevant for natural product research. It highlights
cheminformatics tools that help to match natural products with
their respective biological targets or off-targets, and discusses
the potential and limitations of this approach.
The first chapter in volume 111 summarizes research on the
sesterterpenoids, which are known as a relatively small group of
natural products. However, they express a variety of simple to
complicated chemical structures. This chapter focuses on the
chemical structures of sesterterpenoids and how their structures
are synthesized in Nature. The second chapter is devoted to
marine-derived fungi, which play an important role in the search
for structurally unique secondary metabolites, some of which show
promising pharmacological activities that make them useful leads
for drug discovery. Marine natural product research in China in
general has made enormous progress in the last two decades as
described in this chapter on fungal metabolites. This contribution
covers 613 new natural products reported from 2001 to 2017 from
marine-derived fungi obtained from algae, sponges, corals, and
other marine organisms from Chinese waters.
In this book, chemical studies are described mainly from literature
reports appearing since 2000, inclusive of investigations performed
by the present authors, on the diversity in secondary metabolites
of Ligularia growing in the Hengduan Mountains area of China,
focusing on eremophilane sesquiterpenoids and other metabolites.
More than 100 Ligularia species and their related genera in the
plant family Senecioneae plants (Cremanthodium, Cacalia, Senecio,
and others) grow in East Asia. For many years, researchers have
studied the chemical constituents of these plants, and terpenoids,
flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, and aromatic compounds have been
isolated. Among these, in particular, numerous sesquiterpenoids
were reported. Within this book terpenoids and aromatic compounds
(total 1049), both previously unknown and known, are presented.
Finally, genetic studies and synthesis investigations are briefly
reviewed.
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