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Criminal Justice Policy is an authoritative collection of
previously published writings addressing the most important issues
which have dominated the field during the past fifteen years.Topics
covered include: international perspectives on the extent and
nature of crime; theoretical explanations for the onset, escalation
and termination of criminal behaviour; the social context of crime;
evaluating alternative crime policy options; crime control policy
and the future. Criminal Justice Policy should be required reading
for community leaders, for policymakers at all levels of government
and for members of the general public actively interested in
creating more effective crime policies.
Although violent crime in the United States has declined over the
past five years, certain groups appear to remain at
disproportionately high risk for violent victimization. In the
United States, people with developmental disabilities-such as
mental retardation, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and severe
learning disabilities may be included in this group. While the
scientific evidence is scanty, a handful of studies from the United
States, Canada, Australia, and Great Britain consistently find high
rates of violence and abuse affecting people with these kinds of
disabilities. A number of social and demographic trends are
converging that may worsen the situation considerably over the next
several years. The prevalence of developmental disabilities has
increased in low-income populations, due to a number of factors,
such as poor prenatal nutrition, lack of access to health care or
better perinatal care for some fragile babies, and increases in
child abuse and substance abuse during pregnancy. For example, a
recent report of the California State Council on Developmental
Disabilities found that during the past decade, while the state
population increased by 20 percent, the number of persons with
developmental disabilities in California increased by 52 percent
and the population segment with mild mental retardation doubled.
Because of a growing concern among parents and advocates regarding
possible high rates of crime victimization among persons with
developmental disabilities, Congress, through the Crime Victims
with Disabilities Awareness Act of 1998, requested that the
National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences
conduct a study to increase knowledge and information about crimes
against individuals with developmental disabilities that will be
useful in developing new strategies to reduce the incidence of
crimes against those individuals. Crime Victims with Developmental
Disabilities summarizes the workshop and addresses the following
issues: (1) the nature and extent of crimes against individuals
with developmental disabilities; (2) the risk factors associated
with victimization of individuals with developmental disabilities;
(3) the manner in which the justice system responds to crimes
against individuals with disabilities; and (4) the means by which
states may establish and maintain a centralized computer database
on the incidence of crimes against individuals with disabilities
within a state.
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research,
development and evaluation agency of the US Department of Justice.
The NIJ is dedicated to improving knowledge and understanding of
crime and justice issues through science. NIJ provides objective
and independent knowledge and tools to reduce crime and promote
justice, particularly at the state and local levels. Each year, the
NIJ publishes and sponsors dozens of research and study documents
detailing results, analyses and statistics that help to further the
organization's mission. These documents relate to topics like
biometrics, corrections technology, gun violence, digital
forensics, human trafficking, electronic crime, terrorism, tribal
justice and more. This document is one of these publications.
It is no secret that America's sentencing and corrections systems
are in crisis, and neither system can be understood or repaired
fully without careful consideration of the other. This handbook
examines the intertwined and multi-layered fields of American
sentencing and corrections from global and historical viewpoints,
from theoretical and policy perspectives, and with close attention
to many problem-specific arenas. Editors Joan Petersilia and Kevin
R. Reitz, both leaders in their respective fields, bring together a
group of preeminent scholars to present state-of-the art research,
investigate current practices, and explore the implications of new
and varied approaches wherever possible. The handbook's
contributors bridge the gap between research and policy across a
range of topics including an overview of mass incarceration and its
collateral effects, explorations of sentencing theories and their
applications, analyses of the full spectrum of correctional
options, and first-hand accounts of life inside of and outside of
prison. Individual chapters reflect expertise and source materials
from multiple fields including criminology, law, sociology,
psychology, public policy, economics, political science, and
history.
Proving that the problems of sentencing and corrections, writ
large, cannot be addressed effectively or comprehensively within
the confines of any one discipline, The Oxford Handbook of
Sentencing and Corrections is a vital reference volume on these two
related and central components of America's ongoing experiment in
mass incarceration.
It is no secret that America's sentencing and corrections systems
are in crisis, and neither system can be understood or repaired
fully without careful consideration of the other. This handbook
examines the intertwined and multi-layered fields of American
sentencing and corrections from global and historical viewpoints,
from theoretical and policy perspectives, and with close attention
to many problem-specific arenas. Editors Joan Petersilia and Kevin
R. Reitz, both leaders in their respective fields, bring together a
group of preeminent scholars to present state-of-the art research,
investigate current practices, and explore the implications of new
and varied approaches wherever possible. The handbook's
contributors bridge the gap between research and policy across a
range of topics including an overview of mass incarceration and its
collateral effects, explorations of sentencing theories and their
applications, analyses of the full spectrum of correctional
options, and first-hand accounts of life inside of and outside of
prison. Individual chapters reflect expertise and source materials
from multiple fields including criminology, law, sociology,
psychology, public policy, economics, political science, and
history. Proving that the problems of sentencing and corrections,
writ large, cannot be addressed effectively or comprehensively
within the confines of any one discipline, The Oxford Handbook of
Sentencing and Corrections is a vital reference volume on these two
related and central components of America's ongoing experiment in
mass incarceration.
Every year, hundreds of thousands of jailed Americans leave prison
and return to society. Largely uneducated, unskilled, often without
family support, and with the stigma of a prison record hanging over
them, many if not most will experience serious social and
psychological problems after release. Fewer than one in three
prisoners receive substance abuse or mental health treatment while
incarcerated, and each year fewer and fewer participate in the
dwindling number of vocational or educational pre-release programs,
leaving many all but unemployable. Not surprisingly, the great
majority is rearrested, most within six months of their release.
What happens when all those sent down the river come back up--and
out?
As long as there have been prisons, society has struggled with how
best to help prisoners reintegrate once released. But the current
situation is unprecedented. As a result of the quadrupling of the
American prison population in the last quarter century, the number
of returning offenders dwarfs anything in America's history. What
happens when a large percentage of inner-city men, mostly Black and
Hispanic, are regularly extracted, imprisoned, and then returned a
few years later in worse shape and with dimmer prospects than when
they committed the crime resulting in their imprisonment? What toll
does this constant "churning" exact on a community? And what do
these trends portend for public safety? A crisis looms, and the
criminal justice and social welfare system is wholly unprepared to
confront it.
Drawing on dozens of interviews with inmates, former prisoners, and
prison officials, Joan Petersilia convincingly shows us how the
current system is failing, and failing badly. Unwilling merely to
sound the alarm, Petersilia explores the harsh realities of
prisoner reentry and offers specific solutions to prepare inmates
for release, reduce recidivism, and restore them to full
citizenship, while never losing sight of the demands of public
safety.
As the number of ex-convicts in America continues to grow, their
systemic marginalization threatens the very society their
imprisonment was meant to protect. America spent the last decade
debating who should go to prison and for how long. Now it's time to
decide what to do when prisoners come home.
America's prison population has quadrupled in the past two decades,
with an enormous impact on families, communities, correctional
officers, policy makers, and prisoners themselves. The use of
imprisonment as a means of social control has come to the fore in
many public debates--whether the issues be deterrence,
incapacitation, public spending, overcrowding, or the effects of
imprisonment on the offenders' later lives. "Prisons" addresses
these and related topics, offering thought-provoking analyses of
particular issues that deserve greater consideration, such as the
effects of imprisonment on the children of inmates, the
relationship between prisons and the surrounding communities,
medical care in prisons, prisoner suicide and coping, adult
correctional treatment, and prison management trends, and related
topics.
Featuring articles by Alfred Blumstein and Allen Beck, Joan
Petersilia, Anthony Bottoms, Douglas McDonald and others, "Prisons"
provides reliable, up-to-date, and comprehensive overviews of
policy issues and research developments concerning prisons and
imprisonment. This timely collection of essays will benefit
scholars, administrators, and policy makers alike.
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