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This book shows how the study of multi-hadron production phenomena
in the years after the founding of CERN culminated in Hagedorn's
pioneering idea of limiting temperature, leading on to the
discovery of the quark-gluon plasma -- announced, in February 2000
at CERN. Following the foreword by Herwig Schopper -- the Director
General (1981-1988) of CERN at the key historical juncture -- the
first part is a tribute to Rolf Hagedorn (1919-2003) and includes
contributions by contemporary friends and colleagues, and those who
were most touched by Hagedorn: Tamas Biro, Igor Dremin, Torleif
Ericson, Marek Gazdzicki, Mark Gorenstein, Hans Gutbrod, Maurice
Jacob, Istvan Montvay, Berndt Muller, Grazyna Odyniec, Emanuele
Quercigh, Krzysztof Redlich, Helmut Satz, Luigi Sertorio, Ludwik
Turko, and Gabriele Veneziano. The second and third parts retrace
20 years of developments that after discovery of the Hagedorn
temperature in 1964 led to its recognition as the melting point of
hadrons into boiling quarks, and to the rise of the experimental
relativistic heavy ion collision program. These parts contain
previously unpublished material authored by Hagedorn and Rafelski:
conference retrospectives, research notes, workshop reports, in
some instances abbreviated to avoid duplication of material, and
rounded off with the editor's explanatory notes. About the editor:
Johann Rafelski is a theoretical physicist working at The
University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. Bor n in 1950 in Krakow,
Poland, he received his Ph.D. with Walter Greiner in Frankfurt,
Germany in 1973. Rafelski arrived at CERN in 1977, where in a joint
effort with Hagedorn he contributed greatly to the establishment of
the relativistic heavy ion collision, and quark-gluon plasma
research fields. Moving on, with stops in Frankfurt and Cape Town,
to Arizona, he invented and developed the strangeness quark flavor
as the signature of quark-gluon plasma.
This book shows how the study of multi-hadron production phenomena
in the years after the founding of CERN culminated in Hagedorn's
pioneering idea of limiting temperature, leading on to the
discovery of the quark-gluon plasma -- announced, in February 2000
at CERN. Following the foreword by Herwig Schopper -- the Director
General (1981-1988) of CERN at the key historical juncture -- the
first part is a tribute to Rolf Hagedorn (1919-2003) and includes
contributions by contemporary friends and colleagues, and those who
were most touched by Hagedorn: Tamas Biro, Igor Dremin, Torleif
Ericson, Marek Gazdzicki, Mark Gorenstein, Hans Gutbrod, Maurice
Jacob, Istvan Montvay, Berndt Muller, Grazyna Odyniec, Emanuele
Quercigh, Krzysztof Redlich, Helmut Satz, Luigi Sertorio, Ludwik
Turko, and Gabriele Veneziano. The second and third parts retrace
20 years of developments that after discovery of the Hagedorn
temperature in 1964 led to its recognition as the melting point of
hadrons into boiling quarks, and to the rise of the experimental
relativistic heavy ion collision program. These parts contain
previously unpublished material authored by Hagedorn and Rafelski:
conference retrospectives, research notes, workshop reports, in
some instances abbreviated to avoid duplication of material, and
rounded off with the editor's explanatory notes. About the editor:
Johann Rafelski is a theoretical physicist working at The
University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. Bor n in 1950 in Krakow,
Poland, he received his Ph.D. with Walter Greiner in Frankfurt,
Germany in 1973. Rafelski arrived at CERN in 1977, where in a joint
effort with Hagedorn he contributed greatly to the establishment of
the relativistic heavy ion collision, and quark-gluon plasma
research fields. Moving on, with stops in Frankfurt and Cape Town,
to Arizona, he invented and developed the strangeness quark flavor
as the signature of quark-gluon plasma.
Seven years after the first experiments in the new field of Nuclear
Physics, the Highly Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics, the
Nato-Advanced- Study-Institute on the 'Particle Production in
Highly Excited Matter' was held from July 12 till July 24, 1992, at
Il Ciocco, Castelvecchio Pascoli, near Lucca in Italy. The school
took place at a mo ment when intensive efforts are mounted by the
scientific community of Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics to meet the
extraordinary challenge of the new upcoming physics opportunities.
The gold beams of 10 GeV A at Brookhaven AGS have been sent to the
experiments this Summer and we extent our congratulations to the
persons and teams who made this possible. The Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven is under construction and
expected to allow experiments to see collisions in the intersec
tion regions early 1998. The lead beams at the SPS at CERN
scheduled for summer 1994 are eagerly awaited by 6 large
experiments, and many scientists are planning the experiments at
the planned LHC with heavy ions to be turned on before the year
2000. Seen against this background of rather fierce activity, we
were most delighted when NATO accepted our application for an
Advanced Study Institute oriented to the main subject of this young
and dynamic field of research. We are very grateful to the
Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and Dr. L. DaCunha, the
director of the Advanced Study Institute program for giving our
community this opportunity.
The past decade has seen the development of the operational
understanding of fun damental interactions within the standard
model. This has detoured our attention from the great enigmas posed
by the dynamics and collective behavior of strongly interacting
particles. Discovered more than 30 years ago, the thermal nature of
the hadronic particle spectra has stimulated considerable
theoretical effort, which so far has failed to 'confirm' on the
basis of microscopic interactions the origins of this phenomenon.
However, a highly successful Statistical Bootstrap Model was
developed by Rolf Hagedorn at CERN about 30 years ago, which has
led us to consider the 'boiling hadronic matter' as a transient
state in the trans formation of hadronic particles into their
melted form which we call Quark-GIuon-Plasma (QGP). Today, we
return to seek detailed understanding of the thermalization
processes of hadronic matter, equipped on the theoretical side with
the knowledge of the fundamental strong interaction theory, the
quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD), and recognizing the im portant role
of the complex QCD-vacuum structure. On the other side, we have
developed new experimental tools in the form of nuclear
relativistic beams, which allow to create rather extended regions
in space-time of Hot Hadronic Matter. The confluence of these new
and recent developments in theory and experiment led us to gather
together from June 27 to July 1, 1994, at the Grand Hotel in
Divonne-Ies-Bains, France, to discuss and expose the open questions
and issues in our field.
This book presents Special Relativity in a language accessible to
students while avoiding the burdens of geometry, tensor calculus,
space-time symmetries, and the introduction of four vectors. The
search for clarity in the fundamental questions about Relativity,
the discussion of historical developments before and after 1905,
the strong connection to current research topics, many solved
examples and problems, and illustrations of the material in
colloquial discussions are the most significant and original assets
of this book. Importantly for first-time students, Special
Relativity is presented such that nothing needs to be called
paradoxical or apparent; everything is explained. The content of
this volume develops and builds on the book Relativity Matters
(Springer, 2017). However, this presentation of Special Relativity
does not require 4-vector tools. The relevant material has been
extended and reformulated, with additional examples and
clarifications. This introduction of Special Relativity offers
conceptual insights reaching well beyond the usual method of
teaching relativity. It considers relevant developments after the
discovery of General Relativity (which itself is not presented),
and advances the reader into contemporary research fields. This
presentation of Special Relativity is connected to present day
research topics in particle, nuclear, and high intensity pulsed
laser physics and is complemented by the current cosmological
perspective. The conceptual reach of Special Relativity today
extends significantly further compared even to a few decades ago.
As the book progresses, the qualitative and historical introduction
turns into a textbook-style presentation with many detailed results
derived in an explicit manner. The reader reaching the end of this
text needs knowledge of classical mechanics, a good command of
elementary algebra, basic knowledge of calculus, and introductory
know-how of electromagnetism.
Overview: Big Bang in the Laboratory; H.H. Gutbrod, J. Rafelski.
Physics of Relativistic Nuclear Collisions; I. Otterlund. Towards
the LHC; P. Giubellino. Hot Hadronic Matter: Fireball Spectra; U.
Heinz, et al. Quark Matter in Equilibrium; F. Karsch. Towards
Dynamical Theoretical Description: Cascade Models and Particle
Production; J. Cugnon. Relativistic Hydrodynamics and Flavor Flow;
L. Csernai, et al. Quark-Gluon Plasma Formation in
UltraRelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions; K. Geiger. Diagnostic
Methods and Recent Results: A Pedestrian's Guide to Particle
Interferometry; W.A. Zajc. Strangeness in Ultrarelativistic
NucleusNucleus Collisions; E. Quercigh. On the Trail of Quark-Gluon
Plasma; J. Rafelski. Epilogue: The Quark-Gluon Plasma; P.A.
Carruthers. 20 additional articles. Index.
Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with
the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark-gluon plasma.
This hot soup of quarks and gluons is effectively an inescapable
consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic
interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing
search to verify the prediction experimentally and discusses the
physical properties of this novel form of matter. It begins with an
overview of the subject, followed by a discussion of experimental
methods and results. The second half of the book covers hadronic
matter in confined and deconfined form, and strangeness as a
signature of the quark-gluon phase. It is ideal as an introduction
for graduate students, as well as providing a valuable reference
for researchers already working in this and related fields. This
title, first published in 2002, has been reissued as an Open Access
publication on Cambridge Core.
Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with
the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark-gluon plasma.
This hot soup of quarks and gluons is effectively an inescapable
consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic
interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing
search to verify the prediction experimentally and discusses the
physical properties of this novel form of matter. It begins with an
overview of the subject, followed by a discussion of experimental
methods and results. The second half of the book covers hadronic
matter in confined and deconfined form, and strangeness as a
signature of the quark-gluon phase. It is ideal as an introduction
for graduate students, as well as providing a valuable reference
for researchers already working in this and related fields. This
title, first published in 2002, has been reissued as an Open Access
publication on Cambridge Core.
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