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This book addresses a question fundamental to any discussion of
grammatical theory and grammatical variation: to what extent can
principles of grammar be explained through language use? John A.
Hawkins argues that there is a profound correspondence between
performance data and the fixed conventions of grammars. Preferences
and patterns found in the one, he shows, are reflected in
constraints and variation patterns in the other. The theoretical
consequences of the proposed 'performance-grammar correspondence
hypothesis' are far-reaching -- for current grammatical formalisms,
for the innateness hypothesis, and for psycholinguistic models of
performance and learning. Drawing on empirical generalizations and
insights from language typology, generative grammar,
psycholinguistics, and historical linguistics, Professor Hawkins
demonstrates that the assumption that grammars are immune to
performance is false.
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the
original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as
marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe
this work is culturally important, we have made it available as
part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting
the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions
that are true to the original work.
This volume introduces a new concept, 'criterial features', for the
learning, teaching and testing of English as a second language. The
work is based on research conducted within the English Profile
Programme at Cambridge University, using the Cambridge Learner
Corpus. The authors address the extent to which learners know the
grammar, lexicon and usage conventions of English at each level of
the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). These levels are
currently illustrated in functional terms with 'Can Do' statements.
Greater specificity and precision can be achieved by using the
tagged and parsed corpus, which enables researchers to identify
criterial features of the CEFR levels, i.e. properties that are
characteristic and indicative of L2 proficiency at each level. In
practical terms, once criterial features have been identified, the
grammatical and lexical properties of English can be presented to
learners more efficiently and in ways that are appropriate to their
levels.
In this major new book, John A. Hawkins presents a new theory of linear ordering in syntax. He argues that processing can provide a simple, functional explanation for syntactic rules of ordering, as well as for the selection among ordering variants in languages and structures in which variation is possible. Insights from generative syntax, typological studies of language universals, and psycholinguistic studies of language processing are combined to show that there is a profound correspondence between performance and grammar.
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