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This ambitious study documents the underlying features which link the civilizations of the Mediterranean - Phoenician, Greek, Etruscan and Roman - and the Iron Age cultures of central Europe, traditionally associated with the Celts. It deals with the social, economic and cultural interaction in the first millennium BC which culminated in the Roman Empire. The book has three principle themes: the spread of iron-working from its origins in Anatolia to its adoption over most of Europe; the development of a trading system throughout the Mediterrean world after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece and its spread into temperate Europe; and the rise of ever more complex societies, including states and cities, and eventually empires. Dr Collis takes a new look at such key concepts as population movement, diffusion, trade, social structure and spatial organization, with some challenging new views on the Celts in particular. eBook available with sample pages: 0203442113
Sutton Common in South Yorkshire is one of the best-known Iron Age
multivallate sites in lowland Britain. This volume describes the
results of the large-scale excavations undertaken there between
1998 and 2003, which have provided unparalleled insights into the
function and meaning of this 4th-century BC 'marsh-fort'. Sutton
Common is described as a place where the social identity of the
local community was reinforced through the construction of the
physical representation of the idea of community, using a
bank-and-ditch arrangement that resembles the defences used
elsewhere, particularly at hillforts. No houses were found within
the enclosure, but some 150 four-post structures were excavated,
many containing deposits of charred grain in one or two of their
postholes. This well-dated site makes significant contributions to
the debates on prehistoric enclosure, cosmology, food storage, and
mortuary practices in prehistoric Britain and Europe.
Summer farms occur throughout the world where there are rich
pastures that can only be utilised for part of the year, mainly
because they are under snow and ice during the winter. In Europe
transhumance is often a major event when the cattle and other
livestock leave their home villages and move up into the mountains,
and likewise on their return. The best known sites in Europe are
perhaps those found in the Alpine areas, but they occur everywhere
where there are suitable highland areas to exploit. Traditionally
they have been the subject of the studies of ethnographers and
anthropologists, especially in the second half of the 20th century
when technological and economic changes led to the gradual
abandonment of the farms and to other ways of exploiting the
highlands. The last of these farmers are gradually disappearing and
with them the oral records and memories. Now it is archaeologists
who are leading the recording of this material and also looking at
the history of such farming from prehistory and from the Bronze Age
with the rise in importance of 'Secondary Products' such as cheese
which could be stored for use over winter.Much of the evidence can
only be gathered by surface survey and by excavation, though in
some cases there are good written sources which have yet to be
fully exploited. This volume provides case studies, as well as
brief summaries of other projects in Europe, extending from the
Black Sea in the east to northern Spain and Iceland in the west,
though with a concentration on the Alpine area. One thing that
emerges is the very varied nature of these sites in terms of their
chronology, who went to the farms, the distances travelled, and the
other activities associated with transhumance such as mining. In
some cases the products were primarily for the subsistence of the
agricultural population, but in other cases they were traded and
could produce a large amount of profit. This is the first overview
of these sites in Europe written from an archaeological point of
view.
This ambitious study documents the underlying features which link
the civilizations of the Mediterranean - Phoenician, Greek,
Etruscan and Roman - and the Iron Age cultures of central Europe,
traditionally associated with the Celts. It deals with the social,
economic and cultural interaction in the first millennium BC which
culminated in the Roman Empire. The book has three principle
themes: the spread of iron-working from its origins in Anatolia to
its adoption over most of Europe; the development of a trading
system throughout the Mediterrean world after the collapse of
Mycenaean Greece and its spread into temperate Europe; and the rise
of ever more complex societies, including states and cities, and
eventually empires. Dr Collis takes a new look at such key concepts
as population movement, diffusion, trade, social structure and
spatial organization, with some challenging new views on the Celts
in particular.
We use the word 'Celtic' fast and loose - it evokes something
mythical and romantic about our past - but what exactly does it
mean? Furthermore, why do people believe that there were Celts in
Britain and what relationship do they have to the ancient Celts?
This fascinating book focuses particularly on how the Celts were
re-invented in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and how the
legacy of mistaken interpretations still affects the way we
understand the ancient sources and archaeological evidence.
Summer farms occur throughout the world where there are rich
pastures that can only be utilised for part of the year, mainly
because they are under snow and ice during the winter. In Europe
transhumance is often a major event when the cattle and other
livestock leave their home villages and move up into the mountains,
and likewise on their return. The best known sites in Europe are
perhaps those found in the Alpine areas, but they occur everywhere
where there are suitable highland areas to exploit. Traditionally
they have been the subject of the studies of ethnographers and
anthropologists, especially in the second half of the 20th century
when technological and economic changes led to the gradual
abandonment of the farms and to other ways of exploiting the
highlands. The last of these farmers are gradually disappearing and
with them the oral records and memories. Now it is archaeologists
who are leading the recording of this material and also looking at
the history of such farming from prehistory and from the Bronze Age
with the rise in importance of `Secondary Products' such as cheese
which could be stored for use over winter. Much of the evidence can
only be gathered by surface survey and by excavation, though in
some cases there are good written sources which have yet to be
fully exploited. This volume provides case studies, as well as
brief summaries of other projects in Europe, extending from the
Black Sea in the east to northern Spain and Iceland in the west,
though with a concentration on the Alpine area. One thing that
emerges is the very varied nature of these sites in terms of their
chronology, who went to the farms, the distances travelled, and the
other activities associated with transhumance such as mining. In
some cases the products were primarily for the subsistence of the
agricultural population, but in other cases they were traded and
could produce a large amount of profit. This is the first overview
of these sites in Europe written from an archaeological point of
view.
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