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The means by which non-enveloped viruses penetrate cellular
membranes during cell entry remain poorly defined. Recent findings
indicate several members of this group share a common mechanism of
membrane penetration in which the virus particle undergoes
programmed conformational changes, leading to capsid disassembly
and release of small membrane-interacting peptides. A complete
understanding of host cell entry by this minimal system will help
elucidate the mechanisms of non-enveloped virus membrane
penetration in general
Approaching any task on aging brings a flood of images that are a
personal repetition of what has been one of the greatest and most
persistent concerns of mankind. Even restricting time to the past
decade or so and approaching only the biomedical sciences, one
still encounters a flood of information in this relatively young
research area. The ories and ideas abound as though each researcher
provides one of his own. This might well be expected; aging is an
exceedingly complicated series of crossroads involving trails and
even superhighways. Each specialist has a peephole (society, body,
organ, tissue, cell, or-especially in modern biology-cellular
organelles, macromolecules, and even molecules) and the views of
the crossroads are obviously different. Hence, the num ber of
observations just about equals the number of independent ideas put
forward. It is natural to seek from highly specialized knowledge a
fundamental understand ing of aging through the modern research
trends in biology that focus on events at the cellular,
subcellular, macromolecular, and molecular levels. The ultimate
clues must lie there-with one serious complication: There are
numerous cell types in any body and each cell type is a very
complex machine of its own. Additionally, there are potential
repercussions in that different cells, tissues, and even molecules
have effects on one another. This is indeed a confusing situation,
and one for which we must seek reliable answers, provided that we
can take a step back and provide a generalized view.
Although thousands of articles and hundreds of books on aging have
been published, only a small percentage of this material has dealt
with anatomy, particularly at the fine structural level. It was
with this in mind that Aging and Cell Structure was conceived.
Volume 1 of Aging and Cell Structure was published in 1981 and
represented a current compilation of information, concentrating at
the electron microscopic level, on morphological changes which
occur in cells and tissues as they age. The present volume
completes the two-volume set. While Volume 1 highlighted structural
changes occurring in the aging nervous system, Volume 2 centers its
efforts on studies of in vitro aging. Chapters on other subjects
are included as well. These include age-related changes seen in
neuromuscular junctions, oral tissues, and the pancreas. Although
these two volumes represent a very small part of the published
infor mation on experimental gerontology, their approach is rather
unique because they focus on anatomy, perhaps the most basic of all
the biomedical sciences. Because many dif ferent tissue types are
examined, we begin to see recurrent, definitive patterns in the
aging cell which may not be fully apparent from studies taking one
cell type at a time. This becomes even more evident in the present
volume where changes seen in popula tions of cells grown in
culture-isolated from hormones or nervous impulses from other body
areas-are found to be similar to those changes found in vivo."
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