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This unique books looks at a cost-efficient, fast and accurate
means of facial reconstruction--from segmented, decomposed, or
skeletal remains--using computer-graphic and computational means.
Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction is designed as a valuable
resource for those scientists designing new research projects and
protocols, as well as a practical handbook of methods and
techniques for medico-legal practitioners who actually identify the
faceless victims of crime. It looks at a variety of approaches:
artificial intelligence using neural networks, case-based
reasoning, Baysian belief systems, along with a variety of imaging
methods: radiological, CT, MRI and the use of imaging devices.
The methods described in this book complement, or may even replace,
the less-reliable, more traditional means of securing
identification by presumptive means, i.e., recognition of clothing,
personal effects and clay reconstruction.
- Covers cutting-edge technologies in the context of historical
forensic reconstruction methods
- Features stellar authors from around the globe
- Bridges the areas of computer graphics, animation, and forensic
anthropology
The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon left the
American public in a state of anguish and anger. With the debris
still smoldering in the streets of New York, Bush stated that the
United States and all those who want global peace will stand united
to "win the war against terrorism." Less than a month later, Bush
announced the beginning of Operation Enduring freedom, the first
military action in the broad "campaign against terrorism." James W.
Reed wrote "Should Deterrence Fail: War Termination in Campaign
Planning" focusing on campaign planning and design. In the article,
Reed describes the relationship between terminal and enabling
campaigns. The terminal campaign "seeks war termination as an
endstate." James W. Reed defines an enabling campaign as achieving
"some intermediate strategic objectives short of termination." With
this in mind, is Operation Enduring Freedom an effective enabling
campaign to create conditions for the defeat of terrorism in the
Central Command area of responsibility? The methodology for
determining the effectiveness of Operation Enduring Freedom is in
two pieces. First, is the campaign adequate, feasible, and
acceptable? This three part criteria is how joint doctrine
evaluates effectiveness. Second, do the operational objectives nest
within the strategic endstate? According to Reed, enabling
campaigns help create the conditions for a terminal campaign.
Therefore, a linkage between the operational objectives and the
terminal campaign that achieves the strategic endstate is
imperative. The Italian Campaign offers a historical case study of
an enabling campaign. By comparing the Italian Campaign with
Operation Enduring Freedom, the strengths and weakness of each
generate lessons applicable to the future of the war on terrorism.
The Abbey of Monte Cassino, founded by Saint Benedict in A.D. 529,
at the beginning of the Italian campaign was one of only two sites
requiring special consideration in the interest of historical
preservation. The monastery overlooked the only north-south road
from Naples to Rome. The promontory, studied by the Italian War
College as an example of a position made impregnable by nature, was
the focal point of the German Gustav Line. The German defensive
scheme did not include the monastery but did establish positions
within 300 meters of its outer walls. After the lackluster landing
at Anzio, the Fifth Army was obligated to conduct a winter campaign
to break through the Gustav Line and relieve Anzio. In a sinister
scape of bush and rock, soldiers endured immeasurable hardships
while the monastery stood immune to the scars of war. On 15
February 1944, 253 tons of explosives were dropped on the Abbey of
Monte Cassino as hundreds of refugees and wounded assembled in the
chapel for morning services. The German paratroopers survived the
onslaught of Allied airpower without a casualty and occupied the
ruins that would serve as a strongpoint for the next four months.
The perceived necessity for the bombing was nested in leadership
interpretation of military necessity, psychological impact, and
political considerations. Because the bombing was not coordinated
with the ground assault, it was tactically irrelevant and failed to
meet the requirements of military necessity. Decisions made to
bolster friendly morale and to avoid political conflict are not
intended for the defeat of the enemy and also fail to meet the
requirements of necessity. The bombing was a careless act resulting
in the needless death of civilians, destruction of a sacred
building, and a waste of valuable military resources.
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