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New, specially commissioned essays providing an in-depth scholarly
introduction to the great thinker of the European Enlightenment.
Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) is one of the great names of
the classical age of German literature. One of the last
universalists, he wrote on aesthetics, literary history and theory,
historiography, anthropology, psychology,education, and theology;
translated and adapted poetry from ancient Greek, English, Italian,
even from Persian and Arabic; collected folk songs from around the
world; and pioneered a better understanding of non-European
cultures.A student of Kant's, he became Goethe's mentor in
Strasbourg, and was a mastermind of the Sturm und Drang and a
luminary of classical Weimar. But the wide range of Herder's
interests and writings, along with his unorthodox ways of seeing
things, seems to have prevented him being fully appreciated for any
of them. His image has also been clouded by association with
political ideologies, the proponents of which ignored the message
of Humanitat in histexts. So although Herder is acknowledged by
scholars to be one of the great thinkers of European Enlightenment,
there is no up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to his works in
English, a lacuna this book fills with seventeennew, specially
commissioned essays. Contributors: Hans Adler, Wulf Koepke, Steven
Martinson, Marion Heinz and Heinrich Clairmont, John Zammito,
Jurgen Trabant, Stefan Greif, Ulrich Gaier, Karl Menges, Christoph
Bultmann, Martin Kessler, Arnd Bohm, Gerhard Sauder, Robert E.
Norton, Harro Muller-Michaels, Gunter Arnold, Kurt Kloocke, and
Ernest A. Menze. Hans Adler is Halls-Bascom Professor of Modern
Literature Studies at the Universityof Wisconsin-Madison. Wulf
Koepke is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of German, Texas A&M
University and recipient of the Medal of the International J. G.
Herder Society.
In this philosophically sophisticated and historically significant
work, John H. Zammito reconstructs Kant's composition of The
Critique of Judgment and reveals that it underwent three major
transformations before publication. He shows that Kant not only
made his cognitive turn, expanding the project from a Critique of
Taste to a Critique of Judgment but he also made an ethical turn.
This ethical turn was provoked by controversies in German
philosophical and religious culture, in particular the writings of
Johann Herder and the Sturm und Drang movement in art and science,
as well as the related pantheism controversy. Such topicality made
the Third Critique pivotal in creating a Kantian movement in the
1790s, leading directly to German Idealism and Romanticism.
The austerity and grandeur of Kant's philosophical writings
sometimes make it hard to recognize them as the products of a
historical individual situated in the particular constellation of
his time and society. Here Kant emerges as a concrete historical
figure struggling to preserve the achievements of cosmopolitan
Aufkl-rung against challenges in natural science, religion, and
politics in the late 1780s. More specifically Zammito suggests that
Kant's Third Critique was animated throughout by a fierce personal
rivalry with Herder and by a strong commitment to traditional
Christian ideas of God and human moral freedom.
A work of extraordinary erudition. Zammito's study is both
comprehensive and novel, connecting Kant's work with the aesthetic
and religious controversies of the late eighteenth century. He
seems to have read everything. I know of no comparable historical
study of Kant's Third Critique.-Arnulf Zweig, translator and editor
of Kant's;IPhilosophical Correspondence, 1759-1799;X
An intricate, subtle, and exciting explanation of how Kant's
thinking developed and adjusted to new challenges over the decade
from the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason to the
appearance of the Critique of Judgment.--John W. Burbidge, Review
of Metaphysics
There has been for a long time a serious gap in English commentary
on Kant's Critique of Judgment; Zammito's book finally fills it.
All students and scholars of Kant will want to consult
it.--Frederick Beiser, Times Literary Supplement
Since the 1950s, many philosophers of science have attacked
positivism--the theory that scientific knowledge is grounded in
objective reality. Reconstructing the history of these critiques,
John H. Zammito argues that while so-called postpositivist theories
of science are very often invoked, they actually provide little
support for fashionable postmodern approaches to science studies.
Zammito shows how problems that Quine and Kuhn saw in the
philosophy of the natural sciences inspired a turn to the
philosophy of language for resolution. This linguistic turn led to
claims that science needs to be situated in both historical and
social contexts, but the claims of recent "science studies" only
deepened the philosophical quandary. In essence, Zammito argues
that none of the problems with positivism provides the slightest
justification for denigrating empirical inquiry and scientific
practice, delivering quite a blow to the "discipline" postmodern
science studies.
Filling a gap in scholarship to date, "A Nice Derangement of
Epistemes" will appeal to historians, philosophers, philosophers of
science, and the broader scientific community.
A collection of essays investigating key historical and scientific
questions relating to the concept of natural purpose in Kant's
philosophy of biology. Understanding Purpose is an exploration of
the central concept of natural purpose [Naturzweck] in Kant's
philosophy of biology. Kant's work in this area is marked by a
strong teleological concern: living organisms, in his view, are
qualitatively different from mechanistic devices, and as a result
they cannot be understood by means of the same principles. At the
same time, Kant's own use of the concept of purpose does not
presuppose any theological commitments, and is merely "regulative";
that is, it is employed as a heuristic device. The contributors to
this volume also investigate the following key historical questions
relating to Kant's philosophy of biology: How does it relate to
European work in the life sciences that was done before Kant
arrived on the scene? How did Kant's unique approach to the
philosophy of biology in turn influence later work in this area?
The issues explored in this volume are as pertinent to the history
of philosophy as they are to the history of science -- it is
precisely the blurred boundaries between these two disciplines that
allows for new perspectives on Kantianism and early
nineteenth-century German biology to emerge. Contributors:
Jean-Claude Dupont, Mark Fisher, Philippe Huneman, Robert J.
Richards, Phillip R. Sloan, Stephane Schmitt, and John Zammito.
Philippe Huneman is researcher at the Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique Unit of the Universite Paris.
The emergence of biology as a distinct science in the eighteenth
century has long been a subject of scholarly controversy. Michel
Foucault, on the one hand, argued that its appearance only after
1800 represented a fundamental rupture with the natural history
that preceded it, marking the beginnings of modernity. Ernst Mayr,
on the other hand, insisted that even the word "biology" was
unclear in its meaning as late as 1800, and that the field itself
was essentially prospective well into the 1800s. In The Gestation
of German Biology, historian of ideas John Zammito presents a
different version of the emergence of the field, one that takes on
both Foucault and Mayr and emphasizes the scientific progress
throughout the eighteenth century that led to the recognition of
the need for a special science. The embrace of the term biology
around 1800, Zammito shows, was the culmination of a convergence
between natural history and human physiology that led to the
development of comparative physiology and morphology the
foundations of biology. Magisterial in scope, Zammito's book offers
nothing less than a revisionist history of the field, with which
anyone interested in the origins of biology will have to contend.
If Kant had never made the "critical turn" of 1773, would he be
worth more than a paragraph in the history of philosophy? Most
scholars think not. But in this pioneering book, John H. Zammito
challenges that view by revealing a precritical Kant who was
immensely more influential than the one philosophers think they
know. Zammito also reveals Kant's former student and latter-day
rival, Johann Herder, to be a much more philosophically interesting
thinker than is usually assumed and, in many important respects,
historically as significant as Kant.
Relying on previously unexamined sources, Zammito traces Kant's
friendship with Herder as well as the personal tensions that
destroyed their relationship. With this background, he shows how
two very different philosophers emerged from the same beginnings
and how, because of Herder's reformulation of Kant, anthropology
was born out of philosophy. Shedding light on an overlooked period
of philosophical development, this book is a major contribution to
the history of philosophy and the social sciences, and especially
to the history of anthropology.
If Kant had never made the "critical turn" of 1773, would he be
worth more than a paragraph in the history of philosophy? Most
scholars think not. But in this pioneering book, John H. Zammito
challenges that view by revealing a precritical Kant who was
immensely more influential than the one philosophers think they
know. Zammito also reveals Kant's former student and latter-day
rival, Johann Herder, to be a much more philosophically interesting
thinker than is usually assumed and, in many important respects,
historically as significant as Kant.
Relying on previously unexamined sources, Zammito traces Kant's
friendship with Herder as well as the personal tensions that
destroyed their relationship. With this background, he shows how
two very different philosophers emerged from the same beginnings
and how, because of Herder's reformulation of Kant, anthropology
was born out of philosophy. Shedding light on an overlooked period
of philosophical development, this book is a major contribution to
the history of philosophy and the social sciences, and especially
to the history of anthropology.
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