STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FOBMAL LOGIC STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FORMAL LOGIC NGLUDING GENERALISATION OF LOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEIll APPLICATION TO COMPLEX INFERENCES JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES, M. A., Sc. D. L. IVERSITY LECTURER IN MOIUL SCIENCE AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF COLLEflE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FOURTH EDITION RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED Uonbon MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I9OU The Right of Translation and Reproduction itt reserved First Edition Crown Svo. printed 18R1. Second Edition Croirn Sro. 1887. Third Edition Demy Svo. 1894. Fourth Edition Demy Svo. 1900. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. IN this edition many of the sections have been re-written and a good deal of new matter has been introduced. The following are some of the more important modifications. In Part I a new definition of connotative name is proposed, in the hope that some misunderstanding may thereby be avoided siiicl the treatment of negative names has been revised. In Part II the problem of the import of judgments and propositions in its various aspects is dealt with in much more detail than before, and greater importance is attached to distinctions of imulality. Wfrty in consequence of this, the treatment of conditional and hypothetical propositions has been modified. 1 have partially re-written the chapter on the existential import of propositions in order to meet some recent criticisms and to explain my position more clearly. Many other minor changes in Part II have been made. Amongst the changes in Part III are a more systematic treatment of the process of the indirect reduction of syllogisms, and the introduction of a chapter on the characteristics of inference. An appendix on thefundamental laws of thought has been added and the treatment of complex propositions which previously constituted Part IV of the book has now been placed in an appendix. The reader of this edition will perceive my indebtedness to Sigwari s Logic. I have received valuable help from Professor J. S. Mackenzie and from my son, Mr J. M. Keynes arid I cannot express too strongly the debt I once more owe to Mr W. E. Johnson, who by his criticisms has enabled me to improve my exposition in many parts of the book, and also to avoid some errors. J. N. KEYNES. 6, HARVEY EOAL, CAMBRIDGE, 4 ShtenSter 190C VI PREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1 . IN . addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the book-work of formal logic, the following pages contain a number of problen. s worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. In the expository portions of Parts I, II, and III, dealing respectively with terms, propositions, and syllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main followed, though with certain modifications e. g., in the systematisation of immediate inferences, and in several points of detail in connexion with the syllogism. For purposes of illustration Eulers diagrams are employed to a greater extent than is usual in English manuals. In Part IV, which contains a generalisation of logical processes in their application to complex inferences, a some what new departure is taken. So far as I am aware this part constitutes the first systematic attempt that has been made to deal with formal reasonings of the most complicated character without the aid of mathematical or other symbolsof operation, and without abandoning the ordinary non-cquational or predic ative form of proposition. This attempt has on the whole met with greater success than I had anticipated and I believe that the methods formulated will be found to be both as easy and as effective as the symbolical methods of Boole arid his followers. The book concludes with a general and sure method of solution of what Professor Jevons called the in orse problem, and which he himself seemed to regard as soluble only by a series of guesses...

The elder Keynes argues that almost every problem connected with the scope and method of political economy has given rise to conflict of opinion. The resulting controversies have sometimes been bitter. Those readers, who already have any acquaintance with the literature of economic method should be prepared to find that several of the chapters are controversial in character. At the same time, Keynes avoids the tone of a partisan and represents both sides of the argument without prejudice.While making no attempt to bring about a complete reconciliation between opposing views, Keynes shows the nature of the opposition between them has sometimes been misunderstood, and its extent consequently exaggerated. Since the scope and method of a science can never be satisfactorily discussed at the commencement of its study, some knowledge of political economy in its general outlines is assumed.The nature of the topics discussed in this classic is indicated in the introductory chapter. The abstract discussion of methods is one to which students of economics must necessarily give attention in the course of their reading, and its indirect bearing on the solution of practical economic questions is very close in contemporary importance in today's society.

The elder Keynes argues that almost every problem connected with the scope and method of political economy has given rise to conflict of opinion. The resulting controversies have sometimes been bitter. Those readers, who already have any acquaintance with the literature of economic method should be prepared to find that several of the chapters are controversial in character. At the same time, Keynes avoids the tone of a partisan and represents both sides of the argument without prejudice. While making no attempt to bring about a complete reconciliation between opposing views, Keynes shows the nature of the opposition between them has sometimes been misunderstood, and its extent consequently exaggerated. Since the scope and method of a science can never be satisfactorily discussed at the commencement of its study, some knowledge of political economy in its general outlines is assumed. The nature of the topics discussed in this classic is indicated in the introductory chapter. The abstract discussion of methods is one to which students of economics must necessarily give attention in the course of their reading, and its indirect bearing on the solution of practical economic questions is very close in contemporary importance in today's society.

This record of the Statutes of Cambridge University, compiled by the then University Registrary, John Neville Keynes (father of the economist John Maynard Keynes), and published in 1914, was intended as a statement of the legal instruments which controlled the organisation and day-to-day running of the university. Following the Royal Commission of inquiry into the universities of Oxford and Cambridge begun in 1850, a succession of Acts and Orders in Council, beginning with the Cambridge University Act of 1856, began to modernise the ancient rules by which the university and colleges had previously governed themselves, and to introduce new subjects, such as law, history, oriental languages and engineering, into the curriculum. Although the statutes have been much altered since then, the form of government of the university which they embodied still exists as a framework today.

In addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the book-work of formal logic, the following pages contain a number of problems worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. In the expository portions of Parts I, II, and III, dealing respectively with terms, propositions, and syllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main followed, though with certain modifications; e.g., in the systematisation of immediate inferences, and in several points of detail in connexion with the syllogism. For purposes of illustration Euler's diagrams are employed to a greater extent than is usual in English manuals. In Part IV, which contains a generalisation of logical processes in their application to complex inferences, a somewhat new departure is taken. So far as I am aware this part constitutes the first systematic attempt that has been made to deal with formal reasonings of the most complicated character without the aid of mathematical or other symbols of operation, and without abandoning the ordinary non-equational or predicative form of proposition. This attempt has on the whole met with greater success than I had anticipated; and I believe that the methods formulated will be found to be both as easy and as effective as the symbolical methods of Boole and his followers. The book concludes with a general and sure method of solution of what Professor Jevons called the inverse problem, and which he himself seemed to regard as soluble only by a series of guesses.

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world's literature.

STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FOBMAL LOGIC STUDIES AND EXERCISES IN FORMAL LOGIC NGLUDING GENERALISATION OF LOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEIll APPLICATION TO COMPLEX INFERENCES JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES, M. A., Sc. D. L. IVERSITY LECTURER IN MOIUL SCIENCE AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF COLLEflE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FOURTH EDITION RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED Uonbon MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I9OU The Right of Translation and Reproduction itt reserved First Edition Crown Svo. printed 18R1. Second Edition Croirn Sro. 1887. Third Edition Demy Svo. 1894. Fourth Edition Demy Svo. 1900. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. IN this edition many of the sections have been re-written and a good deal of new matter has been introduced. The following are some of the more important modifications. In Part I a new definition of connotative name is proposed, in the hope that some misunderstanding may thereby be avoided siiicl the treatment of negative names has been revised. In Part II the problem of the import of judgments and propositions in its various aspects is dealt with in much more detail than before, and greater importance is attached to distinctions of imulality. Wfrty in consequence of this, the treatment of conditional and hypothetical propositions has been modified. 1 have partially re-written the chapter on the existential import of propositions in order to meet some recent criticisms and to explain my position more clearly. Many other minor changes in Part II have been made. Amongst the changes in Part III are a more systematic treatment of the process of the indirect reduction of syllogisms, and the introduction of a chapter on the characteristics of inference. An appendix on thefundamental laws of thought has been added and the treatment of complex propositions which previously constituted Part IV of the book has now been placed in an appendix. The reader of this edition will perceive my indebtedness to Sigwari s Logic. I have received valuable help from Professor J. S. Mackenzie and from my son, Mr J. M. Keynes arid I cannot express too strongly the debt I once more owe to Mr W. E. Johnson, who by his criticisms has enabled me to improve my exposition in many parts of the book, and also to avoid some errors. J. N. KEYNES. 6, HARVEY EOAL, CAMBRIDGE, 4 ShtenSter 190C VI PREFACE. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 1 . IN . addition to a somewhat detailed exposition of certain portions of what may be called the book-work of formal logic, the following pages contain a number of problen. s worked out in detail and unsolved problems, by means of which the student may test his command over logical processes. In the expository portions of Parts I, II, and III, dealing respectively with terms, propositions, and syllogisms, the traditional lines are in the main followed, though with certain modifications e. g., in the systematisation of immediate inferences, and in several points of detail in connexion with the syllogism. For purposes of illustration Eulers diagrams are employed to a greater extent than is usual in English manuals. In Part IV, which contains a generalisation of logical processes in their application to complex inferences, a some what new departure is taken. So far as I am aware this part constitutes the first systematic attempt that has been made to deal with formal reasonings of the most complicated character without the aid of mathematical or other symbolsof operation, and without abandoning the ordinary non-cquational or predic ative form of proposition. This attempt has on the whole met with greater success than I had anticipated and I believe that the methods formulated will be found to be both as easy and as effective as the symbolical methods of Boole arid his followers. The book concludes with a general and sure method of solution of what Professor Jevons called the in orse problem, and which he himself seemed to regard as soluble only by a series of guesses...