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As long as there have been maps, cartographers have grappled with
the impossibility of portraying the earth in two dimensions. To
solve this problem mapmakers have created hundreds of map
projections, mathematical methods for drawing the round earth on a
flat surface. Yet of the hundreds of existing projections, and the
infinite number that are theoretically possible, none is perfectly
accurate.
"Flattening the Earth" is the first detailed history of map
projections since 1863. John P. Snyder discusses and illustrates
the hundreds of known projections created from 500 B.C. to the
present, emphasizing developments since the Renaissance and closing
with a look at the variety of projections made possible by
computers.
The book contains 170 illustrations, including outline maps from
original sources and modern computerized reconstructions. Though
the text is not mathematically based, a few equations are included
to permit the more technical reader to plot some projections.
Tables summarize the features of nearly two hundred different
projections and list those used in nineteenth-and twentieth-century
atlases.
"This book is unique and significant: a thorough, well-organized,
and insightful history of map projections. Snyder is the world's
foremost authority on the subject and a significant innovator in
his own right."--Mark Monmonier, author of "How to Lie with Maps"
and "Mapping It Out: Expository Cartography for the Humanities and
Social Sciences."
This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This
IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced
typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have
occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor
pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original
artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe
this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections,
have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing
commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We
appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the
preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
After decades of using only one map projection, the Polyconic, for
its mapping program, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) now uses
several of the more common projections for its published maps. For
larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the State
Base Map Series, conformal projections such as the Transverse
Mercator and the Lambert Conformal Conic are used. Equal-area and
equidistant projections appear in the National Atlas. Other
projections, such as the Miller Cylindrical and the Van der
Grinten, are chosen occasionally for convenience, sometimes making
use of existing base maps prepared by others. Some projections
treat the Earth only as a sphere, others as either ellipsoid or
sphere. The USGS has also conceived and designed several new
projections, including the Space Oblique Mercator, the first map
projection designed to permit mapping of the Earth continuously
from a satellite with low distortion. The mapping of
extraterrestrial bodies has resulted in the use of standard
projections in completely new settings. Several other projections
which have not been used by the USGS are frequently of interest to
the cartographic public. With increased computerization, it is
important to realize that rectangular coordinates for all these
projections may be mathematically calculated with formulas which
would have seemed too complicated in the past, but which now may be
programmed routinely, especially if aided by numerical examples. A
discussion of appearance, usage, and history is given together with
both forward and inverse equations for each projection involved.
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