The existing anchored systems and layers of complexities involved in the interpretation of various leadership styles are discussed in this book. Smart power as a component within the systems in leadership styles is explained (Coutu, 2008; Nye, 2008; Nye & Armitage, 2007). Hard and soft powers are part of the smart power conceptualization. Academicians and learners are challenged to have firm gravitas from triggers and cameos emanating from leadership styles that are Disrupting Existing Systems (DES) elements. Leadership theories are disruptively challenged (Bass, 1985, 1996; Burns, 1978, 2006). Germinal and seminar leadership theories are used to conceptualize, interpret and rationalize why disruption of an existing system creates effective or ineffective leadership styles. Other elements in the systems are the value chains, supply chains, front and back offices, functional operable machines, disruptive technologies, manpower, capital or human capital and intellect that lead to optimal production of goods and services (Porter, 1980b, 1985, 1990; Porter & Stern, 2001). Part two dissects, analyzes, synthesizes and possibly amalgamates various organizational systems that were disrupted. Disruptions of the present systems in organizations such as Virgin Airways, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, AOL Time Warner and Yahoo are used as case studies to explicate this phenomenon. Part three explains the housing market in California and in the United States. Current economy recession due to housing foreclosures in the United States is discussed. The United States contractions, recessions and recoveries periods are illuminated. Affordable housing in the sub-Saharan African region is also explained. For housing to be affordable and available for the middle-income populations worldwide, disrupting the anchored and entrenched existing policies remain a viable and pivotal option. In chapter 16, Professor Ossian Carraway uses narrative and statistical analysis to explain the phenomenon and concepts by traversing the landscape of disruptive technologies expansively.

This book is a spin-off from an award-winning published dissertation microfilmed and recorded into ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and Thomson Gale PowerSearch electronic libraries worldwide. Informative materials in this phenomenological qualitative study supported and complemented through quantitative analyses are also accessible in the library of the United States Congress. Pedagogically, this book enhances and contributes to scholarly knowledge. Doctoral learners or students obtaining their terminal degrees will find this book helpful. Various theories were conceptualized from over 12, 000 literature materials garnered and collated from electronic libraries. Starting from germinal socioeconomic theories-Adam Smith invisible hand theory (1776/1776b), Ricardo (1964) substitution theory, and seminar stakeholders' theories were conceptualized and expounded in alignment with how affordable housing affects middle-income population in Abuja, Nigeria. Within the context of this book, middle income population was nebulously defined; however, research shows that the lack of affordable housing affects middle income earners worldwide. How technological situational happenstances are imperatively, significantly, and inextricably intertwined with the real estate industry is congruently explained. Effective and efficient communication, management, leadership, infrastructures, and economic variables are at the core of affordable housing in Abuja. Literature review used in conceptualizing and crafting this book illuminates the need for stakeholders to be engaged collaboratively, synergistically, and seamlessly in filling the gap that will result in affordable housing in Abuja. The stakeholders' engagement infilling the housing gap could be horizontal or vertical. Stakeholders are the governmental agencies, financial institutions and the private sector. The collaborative efforts of the stakeholders and its significance to leadership remain the centerpiece of this book. Corresponding efforts of the stakeholders internally and externally in filling the housing gap in the sub-Saharan African cities are equally advocated. Housing in Sub-Saharan African Cities published 2007 in the United States remain a bestseller that supports and complements this current book.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively use as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences exist in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remain neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information will be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. TSH is use to analyze, synthesize and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. Financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to applicants resulted in foreclosures of homes in the United States. Financial institutions, such as Wachovia, Citigroup, Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Company assets backed collecterizatons are conjecturally losers in loans granted to applicants. Conversely, scholars in real estate posit that mortgage foreclosures on homeowners' cascades into economy recession, slowdown or cyclical trough (Aluya, 2007, 2007a, 2008; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). TSH is a nonlinear disruptive technology that resets customer's expectation, creates competitive advantages and shifts the market in favor of the disruptor (Yitts, 2006). TSH is an innovative technology that removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Inthis book, UPS, Hewlett-Package, Nokia, AOL Time Warner, and Yahoo are used as case studies. In the 21st century, organizational leaders use TSH to reposition strategically new products or services. TSH is also use in resetting industrial benchmarks and standards within the global terrain. The author is the publisher of Housing in Sub-Saharan Cities in 2007. Housing Phenomena in Abuja, Nigeria-A Case Study, 2008, IN., U.S.A.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively used as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences existed in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remained neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information could be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. Technologies embedded in TSH are used to analyze, synthesize, and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. The financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to unqualified applicants resulted in toxic documents that cascaded the United States' economy into recession. Bank of America, Merrill Lynch Company, General Motors, and other company's 2nd quarter earnings in 2010 revealed the signs of a painful economic recovery in the United States (Aluya, 2008 & 2010; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). Smart analytic sensors reporting and managing technologies that are nonlinear and disruptive in nature now used to reset the industrial standards. Organizations in the 20th century used TSH to reset customers' expectations and creates competitive advantages. Experts concurred that TSH were used to shift the market forces in favor of the disruptors (Babcock, 2009; Dzubeck, 2008; Kelly, 2010; Ritorto, 2010; Yitts, 2006). AOL Time Warner, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, and Yahoo were used as case studies. TSH removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Cloud computing and planetary computing introduced to learners in this book.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively used as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences existed in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White & Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remained neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information could be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. Technologies embedded in TSH are used to analyze, synthesize, and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. The financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to unqualified applicants resulted in toxic documents that cascaded the United States' economy into recession. Bank of America, Merrill Lynch Company, General Motors, and other company's 2nd quarter earnings in 2010 revealed the signs of a painful economic recovery in the United States (Aluya, 2008 & 2010; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). Smart analytic sensors reporting and managing technologies that are nonlinear and disruptive in nature now used to reset the industrial standards. Organizations in the 20th century used TSH to reset customers' expectations and creates competitive advantages. Experts concurred that TSH were used to shift the market forces in favor of the disruptors (Babcock, 2009; Dzubeck, 2008; Kelly, 2010; Ritorto, 2010; Yitts, 2006). AOL Time Warner, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, and Yahoo were used as case studies. TSH removed the dearth from the anchored business model. Cloud computing and planetary computing introduced to learners in this book.

In this book, we have analyzed and synthesized the historical trends and the global economic implications of Biofuels from 1859 to present. We disserted expert's opinions and controversies surrounding the costs, benefits, crops (first and second generation) materials used for Biofuels, and also the social and ecological implications of using Biofuels as an alternative form of energy (Christensen, Johnson & Rigby, 2002; Christensen, Anthony & Roth, 2004; Songstad, Lakshmanan, Chen, & Gibbons, 2009; Kovarik, 1998). We have traversed Brazil, China, India, Japan, Nigeria, the Netherlands, and other countries to analyze the costs and benefits economically and socially as it affect human kind. Further, we discovered that various leadership styles and political considerations are inextricably intertwined with the success and failures of implementing Biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels from proposal to fruition. From the United States to other European nations and back to the developing nations, political considerations and the type of leadership styles ensconced in the systems enhanced or inhibited the introduction of disruptive technologies that propagates Biofuels as disruptive technology (Aluya, 2009; Corrin, 2008; Kovac, 2006; Peter, 2007; Moresco, 2008; Ngo, 2007). We examined various statistical models to explain this phenomenon of the costs and benefits generated through the use of Biofuels as disruptive technologies. The costs of producing Biofuels outweigh the benefits when pitted against oil below $70 (USD) per barrel. One of the challenges we encountered during this study centers on an industry using incumbent technologies (i.e. fossil fuels) being asked to disrupt the existing systems and to compete with itself in the energy market. Interestingly, globally, leaders of various nations are willing to give subsidies to disruptive technologies (i.e. Biofuels) to incumbent technology so that these incumbents can compete with themselves in the energy sector of the market.

The existing anchored systems and layers of complexities involved in the interpretation of various leadership styles are discussed in this book. Smart power as a component within the systems in leadership styles is explained (Coutu, 2008; Nye, 2008; Nye & Armitage, 2007). Hard and soft powers are part of the smart power conceptualization. Academicians and learners are challenged to have firm gravitas from triggers and cameos emanating from leadership styles that are Disrupting Existing Systems (DES) elements. Leadership theories are disruptively challenged (Bass, 1985, 1996; Burns, 1978, 2006). Germinal and seminar leadership theories are used to conceptualize, interpret and rationalize why disruption of an existing system creates effective or ineffective leadership styles. Other elements in the systems are the value chains, supply chains, front and back offices, functional operable machines, disruptive technologies, manpower, capital or human capital and intellect that lead to optimal production of goods and services (Porter, 1980b, 1985, 1990; Porter & Stern, 2001). Part two dissects, analyzes, synthesizes and possibly amalgamates various organizational systems that were disrupted. Disruptions of the present systems in organizations such as Virgin Airways, Hewlett-Packard, UPS, Nokia, AOL Time Warner and Yahoo are used as case studies to explicate this phenomenon. Part three explains the housing market in California and in the United States. Current economy recession due to housing foreclosures in the United States is discussed. The United States contractions, recessions and recoveries periods are illuminated. Affordable housing in the sub-Saharan African region is also explained. For housing to be affordable and available for the middle-income populations worldwide, disrupting the anchored and entrenched existing policies remain a viable and pivotal option. In chapter 16, Professor Ossian Carraway uses narrative and statistical analysis to explain the phenomenon and concepts by traversing the landscape of disruptive technologies expansively.

Irrespective of the interdisciplinary, epistemological, pedagogical or etymological differences in the interpretation of leadership, technological situational happenstances (TSH) is cognitively and effectively use as a trajectory toward transformation of various leadership styles. Commonalities and differences exist in Bass' (1985, 1996, 1997) and Burns' (1978, 2002, 2003, 2006) leadership theories. Some scholars harbor crotchetiness to Bass' and Burns' theories (Keeley, 1995; Mckendall, 1993; Snyder, 1987; White and Wooten, 1986). Other scholars constructively remain neutral to Bass' and Burns' theories (Dmitry, 2007; Yukl, 2006). Without leaders deploying TSH in organizations, information will be distorted and degraded from reaching strategic and tactical planners. TSH is use to analyze, synthesize and triangulate the United States real estate historical trends from 1880s to present. Financial mortgage institutions' unquenchable greed and unethical behaviors of granting mortgage loans to applicants resulted in foreclosures of homes in the United States. Financial institutions, such as Wachovia, Citigroup, Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Company assets backed collecterizatons are conjecturally losers in loans granted to applicants. Conversely, scholars in real estate posit that mortgage foreclosures on homeowners' cascades into economy recession, slowdown or cyclical trough (Aluya, 2007, 2007a, 2008; Austums, 2008; Cho, 2007). TSH is a nonlinear disruptive technology that resets customer's expectation, creates competitive advantages and shifts the market in favor of the disruptor (Yitts, 2006). TSH is an innovative technology that removed the dearth from the anchored business model.In this book, UPS, Hewlett-Package, Nokia, AOL Time Warner, and Yahoo are used as case studies. In the 21st century, organizational leaders use TSH to reposition strategically new products or services. TSH is also use in resetting industrial benchmarks and standards within

Generally, the middle-income populations in Sub-Saharan African region are having problems with housing accommodations. There is a shortage of housing, a lack of capital, and a lack of capacity of the middle-income population to own homes in capital cities within the Sub-Saharan African. The financial institutions, governmental agencies, and the private sectors' are not granting low-interest loans to the middle-income population. The use of technology for housing transactions are analyzed and inculcated in this book. The advantages and disadvantages of using technology in capital cities of developing nations are explicated. The disadvantages of the Internet are also elucidated. How technology is pivotal to the life-long journal of students obtaining their terminal degrees are illuminated. Historical stakeholders theories are synthesized. Technology, electronic marketplaces and electronic platforms are defined in the intellectual sense of contributing to the body of knowledge. Students going into the Master or Doctoral programs will understand the impact of these theories. There are plethora of theoretical concepts expounded to help students construct and conceptualize theories. These theories are equally aligned to the lack of affordable housing as it affects the middle-income population and shortage of housing in capital cities within the Sub-Saharan African. The African cultural motifs are explicated and defined as it affects the middle-income population In researching, over 11,000 articles, scholarly journals, texts, published, and unpublished dissertations were downloaded from electronic libraries. However, 7000 articles and literature-reviewed materials were pertinent to topic ofinterest. Over 56 peer-reviewed articles were used.

This book is a spin-off from an award-winning published dissertation microfilmed and recorded into ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and Thomson Gale PowerSearch electronic libraries worldwide. Informative materials in this phenomenological qualitative study supported and complemented through quantitative analyses are also accessible in the library of the United States Congress. Pedagogically, this book enhances and contributes to scholarly knowledge. Doctoral learners or students obtaining their terminal degrees will find this book helpful. Various theories were conceptualized from over 12, 000 literature materials garnered and collated from electronic libraries. Starting from germinal socioeconomic theories-Adam Smith invisible hand theory (1776/1776b), Ricardo (1964) substitution theory, and seminar stakeholders' theories were conceptualized and expounded in alignment with how affordable housing affects middle-income population in Abuja, Nigeria. Within the context of this book, middle income population was nebulously defined; however, research shows that the lack of affordable housing affects middle income earners worldwide. How technological situational happenstances are imperatively, significantly, and inextricably intertwined with the real estate industry is congruently explained. Effective and efficient communication, management, leadership, infrastructures, and economic variables are at the core of affordable housing in Abuja. Literature review used in conceptualizing and crafting this book illuminates the need for stakeholders to be engaged collaboratively, synergistically, and seamlessly in filling the gap that will result in affordable housing in Abuja. The stakeholders' engagement infilling the housing gap could be horizontal or vertical. Stakeholders are the governmental agencies, financial institutions and the private sector. The collaborative efforts of the stakeholders and its significance to leadership remain the centerpiece of this book. Corresponding e