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This volume of Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biol ogy is
based on material assembled by Dr. Jaap H.R. Schoen. Dr. Schoen was
born in Balikpapan, Indonesia, in 1930 and died in Corsica in 1981
during a diving holiday. Dr. Schoen was a neu rologist at the
Diaconessen Ziekenhuis in The Hague, The Neth erlands, and combined
his clinical work with a partial tenureship as associated professor
in the Department of Neuroanatomy (now the Neuroregulation group)
of the Leiden Medical Faculty. For 20 years Dr. Schoen collected
pathological specimens from patients with brain disease and
together with his technical assistant, Mr. Stins, a large number of
Haggqvist, Nauta, and Nissl or Kliiver series were prepared. Little
of the studied mate rial has been published. Articles appeared in
several journals (Progress in Brain Research, Psychiatria
Neurologia, and Neuro chirurgia), but since Dr. Schoen also
actively participated in the meetings of the Dutch Anatomical
Society, a series of short com munications can be found in the
former Acta Morphologica Neer lando-Scandinavica (now the European
Journal of Morphology). A list of Schoen's publications has been
appended to this preface. Numerous scientists have consulted
Schoen's material and, recently, Dr. Jan Voogd published a chapter
on the human cere bellum in Paxinos' "The Human Nervous System"
(1990) that is based partially on Schoen's material. The Leiden
neuroregulation group decided to restore Schoen's material and to
publish the manuscripts he left behind."
Part II starts with a systemic model of the basal ganglia to
evaluate the position of the STN in the direct, indirect and
hyperdirect pathways. A summary of in vitro studies is given,
describing STN spontaneous activity as well as responses to
depolarizing and hyperpolarizing inputs, and high frequency
stimulation. STN bursting activity and the underlying ionic
mechanisms are investigated. Deep brain stimulation used for
symptomatic treatment of Parkinson s disease is discussed in terms
of the elements that are influenced and its hypothesized
mechanisms. This part of the monograph pays attention to the
pedunculopontine-subthalamic connections and tries in cell cultures
to mimic neurotransmitter actions of the pedunculopontine nucleus
and high frequency stimulation on cultured dissociated rat
subthalamic neurons. STN cell models: single and multi compartment,
and system level models are discussed in relation to subthalamic
function and dysfunction. Part I and II are mutually compared."
1 Introduction 1.1 Hemiballism Hemiballism or hemichorea is a rare
neurological disorder, but the crucial invol- ment of the
subthalamic nucleus (STN) in its pathophysiology has been app-
ciated for decades (Jakob 1923; Martin 1927; Glees and Wall 1946;
Whittier and Mettler 1949; Carpenter and Carpenter 1951; Crossman
1987). Only recently have serious doubts come forward. Postuma and
Lang (2003) have described the STN as being involved in only a
minority of cases, and indicated unrecognized causes such as
non-ketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia and complications of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Moreover, the crucial
involvement of a lesion of the STN is in doubt (Guridi and Obeso
2001; Postuma and Lang 2003). On the other hand, idiopathic
Parkinson's disease (Battistin et al. 1996; Usunoff et al. 2002) is
a common neurodegenerative disorder, but the key role of the STN in
the pathophysiological origin of the parkinsonian state has become
evident only recently (Miller and DeLong 1987; Mitchell et al.
1989; Bergman et al. 1990, 1994; Hollerman and Grace 1992; Guridi
et al. 1993; Parent and Hazrati 1995b; Hassani et al. 1996; Levy et
al. 1997, 2002; Blandini et al. 2000; Hirsch et al. 2000; Ni et al.
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