Escherichia coli is normal inhabitant of all the animals and human beings. Its non-sorbitol fermenting biotype (SNF) was detectable in buffalo (90 percent), cattle (80 percent) or rarely in sheep (20 percent) and goat (30 percent). However, SNF E. coli were un-detectable in droppings of rural chickens and feces of donkeys. The SNF E. coli was detected in 100, 92, 71 and 80 percent of the market milk samples and 100, 83, 83 and 53 percent beef samples from Multan, Sandha, Wagha and Sheikhupura Roads, of Lahore city, respectively. However, SNF E. coli was not detected from freshly aseptically collected milk and beef samples but was detectable in over all 96 percent of market raw milk and 82 percent market beef samples. White colored colonies of each positive sample on Sorbitol MacConkey's Agar (SMA) contained gram negative, rods with round ends non spore former. Each of the isolates was sorbitol non fermenter, lactose fermenter, indole positive, Methyl Red positive, Voges Prauskaur negative and citrate negative. However, each of such isolates showed green metallic sheen on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. Each of the isolate was further characterized using polymerase chain reaction

Male (n=30) and female (n=30) rats were divided into as control (CC), horizontal restrained (HR) and head down suspended (HDS) group for winter (20 C to 23 C) and summer season (30 C to 33 C). During winter and summer seasons, male and female rats did show a (P

Performance appraisals are used in the organizations as a way to communicating with the employees about their performance and giving them advices regarding the required changes into their behavior and attitudes. Organizational justice has been proved as an important predictor of different employee behaviors and attitudes like organizational commitment & organizational citizenship behavior. For the effective functioning of performance appraisal, it should be properly documented and there should be a commitment from the management side to make the performance appraisal system fair and effective in the organization. This book provides an empirical insight about perceived fairness in performance appraisal impact on Organizational Commitment & Organizational Citizenship Behavior. To get a better idea about it, a survey was conducted to sound the opinion of employees in the banking sector of Pakistan. Result of the survey confirmed the relationship among fairness in performance appraisal, organizational commitment & organizational citizenship behavior. The findings & results of this study are fundamental to both researchers & practitioners to get the committed & be good citizen employees

Considering the contagious nature, high mortality, quarantine and to initiate supportive treatment and patient management, accurate diagnosis of Canine Distemper (CD) infection at an early stage is essential. From 45 dogs suspected of CD, a total of 135 samples comprising of blood, nasal (NS) and conjunctival swabs (CS), were processed for lymphocyte count and RT-PCR. CD was detected in ten dogs (22.22%)by RT-PCR. The sensitivity of CS was found highly significant in distemper positive dogs (p 0.05) when compared from distemper suspected dogs. All the distemper positive dogs were found lymphopenic. The difference in lymphocyte count in distemper positive and negative dogs was insignificant (p = 0.203). It was, however, significant (p = 0.0056) in distemper positive dogs when repeated thrice at an interval of ten days. In conclusion, lymphopenia is the suggestive of clinical infection of CD, however, it is not necessary that all lymphopenic dogs are distemper positive. In this context, RT-PCR is a test of choice with CS followed by NS swabs and plasma.

A compendium of quality Caprine Mycoplasma vaccine production is presented with respect to its stability, safety and sterility studies and in-vivo clinical trial of plain formalin inactivated (FIV) and two adjuvanted vaccines (AAV & OEV)belong to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (PG3) also known as Mycoplasma capricolum sub spp capricolum in goats. The growth was obtained in PPLO broth containing yeast extract (1%), horse serum (20%) and thallium acetate. Each dose of 2.5ml vaccine contains not less than 0.10 mg of protein. All the vaccines were found stable upto 6 months under refrigeration temperature.Indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) and complement fixation tests (CFT) were applied to determine humoral immune response in goats. Overall vaccine results showed that OEV had produced higher CFT antibody response. Whereas, AAV alone and as booster showed non significant variation in the CFT and IHA antibody response. This is the first reported effort to develop adjuvanted vaccines against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (PG3) to develop immunity in goats. Moreover, OEV and AAV proved helpful in providing solid immunity which lasted for more than a year.