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Escherichia coli is normal inhabitant of all the animals and human
beings. Its non-sorbitol fermenting biotype (SNF) was detectable in
buffalo (90 percent), cattle (80 percent) or rarely in sheep (20
percent) and goat (30 percent). However, SNF E. coli were
un-detectable in droppings of rural chickens and feces of donkeys.
The SNF E. coli was detected in 100, 92, 71 and 80 percent of the
market milk samples and 100, 83, 83 and 53 percent beef samples
from Multan, Sandha, Wagha and Sheikhupura Roads, of Lahore city,
respectively. However, SNF E. coli was not detected from freshly
aseptically collected milk and beef samples but was detectable in
over all 96 percent of market raw milk and 82 percent market beef
samples. White colored colonies of each positive sample on Sorbitol
MacConkey's Agar (SMA) contained gram negative, rods with round
ends non spore former. Each of the isolates was sorbitol non
fermenter, lactose fermenter, indole positive, Methyl Red positive,
Voges Prauskaur negative and citrate negative. However, each of
such isolates showed green metallic sheen on Eosin Methylene Blue
(EMB) agar. Each of the isolate was further characterized using
polymerase chain reaction
Male (n=30) and female (n=30) rats were divided into as control
(CC), horizontal restrained (HR) and head down suspended (HDS)
group for winter (20 C to 23 C) and summer season (30 C to 33 C).
During winter and summer seasons, male and female rats did show a
(P
Performance appraisals are used in the organizations as a way to
communicating with the employees about their performance and giving
them advices regarding the required changes into their behavior and
attitudes. Organizational justice has been proved as an important
predictor of different employee behaviors and attitudes like
organizational commitment & organizational citizenship
behavior. For the effective functioning of performance appraisal,
it should be properly documented and there should be a commitment
from the management side to make the performance appraisal system
fair and effective in the organization. This book provides an
empirical insight about perceived fairness in performance appraisal
impact on Organizational Commitment & Organizational
Citizenship Behavior. To get a better idea about it, a survey was
conducted to sound the opinion of employees in the banking sector
of Pakistan. Result of the survey confirmed the relationship among
fairness in performance appraisal, organizational commitment &
organizational citizenship behavior. The findings & results of
this study are fundamental to both researchers & practitioners
to get the committed & be good citizen employees
Considering the contagious nature, high mortality, quarantine and
to initiate supportive treatment and patient management, accurate
diagnosis of Canine Distemper (CD) infection at an early stage is
essential. From 45 dogs suspected of CD, a total of 135 samples
comprising of blood, nasal (NS) and conjunctival swabs (CS), were
processed for lymphocyte count and RT-PCR. CD was detected in ten
dogs (22.22%)by RT-PCR. The sensitivity of CS was found highly
significant in distemper positive dogs (p 0.05) when compared from
distemper suspected dogs. All the distemper positive dogs were
found lymphopenic. The difference in lymphocyte count in distemper
positive and negative dogs was insignificant (p = 0.203). It was,
however, significant (p = 0.0056) in distemper positive dogs when
repeated thrice at an interval of ten days. In conclusion,
lymphopenia is the suggestive of clinical infection of CD, however,
it is not necessary that all lymphopenic dogs are distemper
positive. In this context, RT-PCR is a test of choice with CS
followed by NS swabs and plasma.
A compendium of quality Caprine Mycoplasma vaccine production is
presented with respect to its stability, safety and sterility
studies and in-vivo clinical trial of plain formalin inactivated
(FIV) and two adjuvanted vaccines (AAV & OEV)belong to
Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (PG3) also known as Mycoplasma
capricolum sub spp capricolum in goats. The growth was obtained in
PPLO broth containing yeast extract (1%), horse serum (20%) and
thallium acetate. Each dose of 2.5ml vaccine contains not less than
0.10 mg of protein. All the vaccines were found stable upto 6
months under refrigeration temperature.Indirect haemagglutination
test (IHA) and complement fixation tests (CFT) were applied to
determine humoral immune response in goats. Overall vaccine results
showed that OEV had produced higher CFT antibody response. Whereas,
AAV alone and as booster showed non significant variation in the
CFT and IHA antibody response. This is the first reported effort to
develop adjuvanted vaccines against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies
capri (PG3) to develop immunity in goats. Moreover, OEV and AAV
proved helpful in providing solid immunity which lasted for more
than a year.
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