Although blood substitutes represent a goal that has been sought for more than a century, their development is now on the cutting edge of biotechnology: beyond biochemistry and molecular biology, these products are being integrated into the larger physiological picture of gas transport that is essential to every living organism. New products will find obvious clinical application, since they overcome many of the problems with blood transfusion, such as the need to crossmatch, storage limitations, and the risk of transmission of infectious disease. As work continues to bring this new class of products to market, discoveries have been made about very basic aspects of how red blood cells work with regard to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and interactions with molecules such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide which may mediate contractility of smooth muscle. These new challenges are being met with impressive rapidity as products are readied for testing and introduction into clinical use. As more is understood about the general properties of artificial blood substitutes, attention is focusing on applications which will benefit the most from their availability. This volume is a collection of chapters by researchers currently working in the field of blood substitutes and closely related fields. Each of them focuses on current challenges from a different perspective, from the clinical question, "What is the target?", to detailed descriptions of the interactions with nitric oxide, endotoxin, and carbon dioxide. Included in the volume is a review of the peer-reviewed research published in 1995 and a general discussion of current products and potential clinical applications. Takentogether, these chapters provide an up-to-date picture of this rapidly evolving field.

Hemoglobin has been involved in the most significant advances in our understanding of modern genetics and molecular biology. Now, hemoblobin is again central to a new area: development of artificial blood (blood substitute.) This volume of Methods in Enzymology and its companion, Volume 232, will be indispensable to anyone with a serious interest in this emerging field. They completely update and extend the information presented in Volume 76 published a decade ago.
Key Features
* Preparation, purification, and analysis of human hemoglobin and of various non-human hemoglobins
* Preparation of hemoglobin hybrids and of model heme compounds
* Preparation of chemically modified hemoglobins and of recombinant hemoglobins
* Analytical procedures presented for studying hemoglobin stability and degradation and for the formation of xenobiotic adducts of hemoglobin

This book is not a "proceedings" volume. Rather the chapters are essays by experts in the field of blood substitutes, invited by the editors to con tribute to the 1996 "Current Issues in Blood Substitutes Research and Development" course given in San Diego, March 18-21. The contributors were selected because of their expertise in areas deemed by the editors to be critical to the advancement of the field. The course, as in past years, is heavily influenced by feedback from par ticipants, and by research in this and related fields. In addition to the didactic lectures (for which these chapters are the foundation), the course also offers the opportunity for presentation of research reports, progress reports from the various companies currently commercializing products, and round table discussions of selected subjects. Thus, we are grateful to past participants for their helpful comments. Production of a book, especially on a short timeline, is not an easy feat."